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. 2021 Oct 11;12:764372. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.764372

Table 3.

Overview of results for quality of life outcomes.

Study (Year) Design Outcome measure Results Reported by Authors (n = participants per group) Quality (D&B)
Chen et al. (2019) RCT QOL-AD No total score between group differences, between group improvement for singing group (n = 21) on three items on QOL-AD measure (emotions, compatibility with friends, entertainment capability) 80%
Cho (2018) RCT QOL-AD Within group improvement for singing (n = 14) 92%
Pongan et al. (2017) RCT EQ-5D Within group improvements for painting (n = 28) and singing (n = 31) 88%
Särkämö et al. (2014); Särkämö et al. (2016) RCT QOL-AD (self and proxy) No between group improvements
Within group improvement for music listening (n = 29), no change for singing (n = 30)
77%
Cooke et al. (2010b) RCT DQOL No within group changes for either group
Between group improvement on DQOL item (sense of belonging) at mid-point for reading (n = 21) compared with singing (n = 23)
85%
Maguire (2021) QE SWLS Between group decrease (worsening) in singing group (n = 7) compared to control (n = 12) 47%
Tamplin et al. (2018) QE QOL-AD (self and proxy) No pre-post change
Significant difference between self-reported and proxy scores (n = 9)
78%
Mittelman and Papayannopoulou (2018) QE QOL-AD
DemQOL (self and proxy)
Pre-post improvement on both measures (n = 10) 69%
Davidson and Fedele (2011) QE QOL-AD
(self and proxy)

No total score pre-post change (n = 27)
Improvement for one item in proxy measure (living situation)
41%
Camic et al. (2011) QE DemQOL-4 (self and proxy) No pre-post change (n = 10) 70%

RCT, Randomised Control Trial; QE, Quasi-Experimental Design; Self, self report measure; Proxy, proxy report measure; QOL-AD, Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease; EQ-5D, EuroQol Five-Dimensional; DQOL, Dementia Quality of Life Instrument; DemQOL, Dementia Quality of Life; SWLS, Satisfaction with Life Scale.