Table 4.
Overview of results of psychological wellbeing outcomes.
| Study | Design | outcome measure | Reported results | Quality (D&B) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuropsychiatric Inventory | ||||
| Wang et al. (2018) | RCT | NPI | Between group improvement for singing (n = 30) compared to control Within group improvement for singing group (n = 30) |
66% |
| Lyu et al. (2018) | RCT | NPI | Between group improvements at immediate follow for singing (n = 97) and lyric reading (n = 96) compared to control (n = 95) Between group improvement for singing group at 3-month follow up compared with both reading and control |
85% |
| Chen et al. (2019) | NCT | CNPI | Between group improvements on five domains of CNPI for singing (n = 21): depression, anxiety, irritability, aberrant motor behaviour, and eating disorders compared to control (n = 22) | 80% |
| Satoh et al. (2015) | NCT | NPI | Within group improvement for singing only (n = 10) | 64% |
| Camic et al. (2011) | QE | NPI | No significant change (n = 10) | 70% |
| Agitation | ||||
| Cooke et al. (2010a) | RCT | CMAI-SF | No significant change—mean scores suggested consistently low instances of agitation across sample (floor effect) (n = 47) | 85% |
| Tamplin et al. (2018) | QE | CMAI-SF | No significant change– mean scores suggested consistently low instances of agitation (floor effect) (n = 47) | 78% |
| Anxiety | ||||
| Pongan et al. (2017) | RCT | STAI | Within group improvement for both singing (n = 31) and painting (n = 28), with greater effect size for painting | 88% |
| Cooke et al. (2010a) | RCT | RAID | No significant change—mean scores indicated consistently low levels of anxiety (floor effect) (n = 47) | 85% |
| Tamplin et al. (2018) | QE | RAID | No pre-post change (n = 9) | 78% |
| de la Rubia Orti et al. (2018) | QE | HADS | Pre-post improvement (n = 25), inversely corelated with decrease in cortisol | 78% |
| Depression | ||||
| Pongan et al. (2017) | RCT | GDS | Between group improvement for painting (n = 28) compared to singing (n = 31) | 88% |
| Särkämö et al. (2014) | RCT | CBS | Between group improvements for both groups (singing (n = 27) and music listening (n = 29) compared to standard care control group (n = 28) | 77% |
| Cooke et al. (2010b) | RCT | GDS | No significant change—mean scores indicated consistently low levels of depression (floor effect) (n = 47) |
81% |
| Tamplin et al. (2018) | QE | AES (self and proxy) |
No pre-post change (n = 9) Significant difference between self and proxy report scores at baseline and post intervention |
78% |
| de la Rubia Orti et al. (2018) | QE | HADS | Pre-post decrease (improvement) correlated with decreased cortisol levels (n = 25) | 78% |
| Camic et al. (2011) | QE | GDS | Pre-post increase (worsening) (n = 10) | 70% |
| Immediate well-being | ||||
| Pongan et al. (2019) | RCT | EVIBE | Within group improvement for both singing (n = 31) and painting (n = 28) groups | 74% |
| Lesta and Petocz (2006) | QE | MBAC | Pre-post improvement in mood scale (n = 4) | 69% |
RCT, Randomised Control Trial; NCT, Non-Randomised Control Trial; QE, Quasi-Experimental Design; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; CNPI, Chinese Neuropsychiatric Inventory; CMAI-SF, Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory- Short Form; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; RAID, Rating Anxiety in Dementia; CBS, The Cornell-Brown Scale for Quality of Life in Dementia; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; AES, Apathy Evaluation Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; EVIBE, Evaluation Instantane e du Bien-Etre; MBAC, Mood-Behaviour Assessment Chart.