Table 6.
Overview of results of engagement outcomes.
| Study | Design (sample) | Outcome Measure | Results | Quality (D&B) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Engagement in singing | ||||
| Harrison et al. (2010) | RCT | Behavioural Checklist measuring engagement (devised by authors) | Active engagement and passive engagement: between group improvement in singing (n = 35) compared to reading (n = 21) | 77% |
| Groene et al. (1998) | QE* (n = 7) | Video analysis using behavioural checklist measuring engagement (devised by authors) | Significantly more “purposeful” responses in the exercise than in singing | 47% |
| Korb (1997) | QE* (n = 9) | ABS Bell and Smith's Behavioural Checklist (adapted form) |
Unsolicited feedback: significantly more in reminiscence than singing Solicited feedback: significantly more in rhythm and reminiscence than singing Taps to beat: significantly more during rhythm than singing Affect: Between group improvement for singing and rhythm compared to the “reminiscence” |
60% |
| Hanson et al. (1996) | QE* (n = 51) | Time-sampling behavioural checklist measuring engagement (devised by authors) | Significantly more “high responses” during movement than during singing, regardless of cognitive function Significantly more “passivity” occurred during singing than during movement |
78% |
| Clair and Bernstein (1990) | QE* (n = 6) | Analysis of video observation—measured duration data for (a) vibrotactile response, the drum held in the lap; (b) non-vibrotactile response, the drum held in front of the subject; and (c) singing. | Vibrotactile responses occurred significantly more than non-vibrotactile responses Only one participant engaged in singing at all, significantly less than vibrotactile and non-vibrotactile responses |
56% |
| Social engagement | ||||
| Davidson and Fedele (2011) | QE (n = 27) | Video analysis of behaviours during sessions | Video analysis data revealed high levels of lucidity, engagement, and relaxed affect. during sessions | 41% |
| Lesta and Petocz (2006) | QE (n = 4) | Behavioural Checklist measuring engagement (devised by authors) | Flat mood: pre-post improvement (decrease) during session and continued to decrease immediately after Anxious mood: pre-post improvement (decrease) during session, but rose non-significantly immediately post-session Apparent well-being: pre-post improvement during session Non-social behaviour: pre-post improvement (decrease) on most items in checklist during session (mumbling, touching face/clothes, sitting alone, wandering alone), but some increased slightly during immediate period after session Social behaviours: pre-post improvement (increased) across most items (eye contact, smiling, singing, talking, moving to music) and remained high post-session |
69% |
| Olderog Millard and Smith (1989) | QE (n = 10) | Bell and Smiths Behavioural Checklist (adapted form) |
Frequency of two physical and social behaviours (walking and sitting with others) was significantly higher in the singing condition than in discussion condition Frequency of verbal/vocal participation was significantly higher in the singing condition Frequency of “walking with others” significantly increased following the singing condition |
56% |
RCT, Randomised Control Trial; NCT, Non-Randomised Control Trial; QE, Quasi-Experimental Design; ABS, Affect Balance Score.