TABLE 1.
Types of biosurfactant and their sources.
| s.no | Class of biosurfactant | Type of biosurfactant | Class of microorganisms | Sources of biosurfactant | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Glycolipids | — | — | — | — |
| 1.1 | — | Rhamnolipids | Gammaproteobacteria | P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas sp. Burkholderia sp., T. aquaticus, and Meiothermus rubber | Herman et al. (1997), Hörmann et al. (2010), Maier and Soberón–Chávez (2000), Řezanka et al. (2011) |
| — | Gammaproteobacteria | ||||
| — | Betaproteobacteria | ||||
| — | Deinococci | ||||
| 1.2 | — | Sophorolipids | Ascomycetes | Torulopsis bombicola, T. apicola, Candida kuoi, Rhodotorula bogoriensis, and Wickerhamiella domericqiae | Celligoi et al. (2020), Price et al. (2012), Van Bogaert et al. (2007), Chen et al. (2006), Deshpande and Daniels (1995) |
| — | Microbotryomycetes | ||||
| — | Ascomycetes | ||||
| — | |||||
| 1.3 | — | Trehalolipids | Actinobacteria | Nocardia sp., Rhodococcus erythropolis, Mycobacterium sp., Corynebacterium sp., and Gordonia sp. | Macdonald et al. (1981), Franzetti et al. (2010) |
| 1.4 | — | Mannosylerythritol lipids | Actinobacteria | Arthrobacter sp., Candida antartica, Pseudozyma sp., and Ustilago scitaminea | Kim et al. (2002b), Arutchelvi et al. (2008), Saravanan and Vijayakuma (2015), Morita et al. (2015) |
| — | Saccharomycetes | ||||
| — | Ustilaginomycetes | ||||
| 2 | Lipopeptides | — | — | — | — |
| 2.1 | — | Surfactin | Bacilli | Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus mojavensis | Arima et al. (1968), From et al. (2007), Chen et al. (2015), Pecci et al. (2010) |
| 2.2 | — | Iturin | Bacilli | Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Dang et al. (2019), Romero et al. (2007) |
| 2.3 | — | Lichenysin | Bacilli | Bacillus licheniformis | Ali et al. (2019) |
| 2.4 | — | Viscosin | Gammaproteobacteria | Pseudomonas fluorescens | Alsohim et al. (2014) |
| 2.5 | — | Serrawettin | Gammaproteobacteria | Serratia marcescens | Sunaga et al. (2004) |
| 2.6 | — | Arthrofactin | Actinobacteria | Arthrobacter sp. | Morikawa et al. (1993) |
| 2.7 | — | Polymyxin | Bacilli | Bacillus polymyxa | Muthusamy et al. (2008) |
| 3 | Polymeric | — | — | — | — |
| 3.1 | — | Emulsan | Gammaproteobacteria | Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 | Zosim et al. (1982) |
| 3.2 | — | Liposan | Saccharomycetes | Candida lipolytica | Cirigliano and Carman (1985) |
| 3.3 | — | Biodispersan | Gammaproteobacteria | Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A2 | Shabtai, (1990) |
| 3.4 | — | Lipomanan | Saccharomycetes | Candida tropicalis | Rosenberg and Ron (1999) |
| 3.5 | — | Mannoproteins | Gammaproteobacteria | Acinetobacter sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Cameron et al. (1988), Jagtap et al. (2010) |
| — | — | — | Saccharomycetes | — | — |
| 3.6 | — | Alasan | Gammaproteobacteria | Acinetobacter radioresistens KA53 | Navon–Venezia et al. (1995) |
| 4 | Fatty acids, phospholipids, and neutral lipids | — | — | — | — |
| 4.1 | — | Corynomycolic acid | Actinobacteria | Corynebacterium lepus and C. diphtheriae | Fujii et al. (1999), Brennan et al. (1970) |
| 4.2 | — | Spiculisporic acid | Eurotiomycetes | Penicillium spiculisporum and Talaromyces trachyspermus | Moriwaki–takano, (2021), Ishigami et al. (1983) |
| — | — | Gammaproteobacteria | — | — | |
| 4.3 | — | Phosphatidyleth-anolamine | Gammaproteobacteria | Acinetobacter sp. and Rhodococcus erythropolis | Kappeli and Finnerty (1979), Kretschmer et al. (1982) |
| — | — | — | Actinobacteria | — | — |
| 5 | Particulate biosurfactants | — | — | — | — |
| 5.1 | — | Vesicles | Gammaproteobacteria | Acinetobacter sp., P. marginilis, and Serratia marcescens | Kappeli and Finnerty (1979), Matsuyama et al. (1986), Saharan et al. (2012) |
| 5.2 | — | Whole cells | Cyanophyceae | Cyanobacteria and many bacteria | Neufeld and Zajic (1984), Levy et al. (1990) |