Table 3.
Clinical trials on the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines included in this study.
| Study | Vaccine type | Dose concentration | Days after immunological reaction peaked | No. of vaccine recipients | Recipients with ≥4× increase of neutralizing antibody against RBDs (GMT) (%) | Recipients with TNF-α-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%) | Recipients with >102 IFN-γ-expressing cells per 1 × 105 PBMCs (%) | Recipients with IL-2-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenovirus vector vaccines | ||||||||
| Zhu et al. (19) | Non-replicating adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)-vectored | Middle dose | 28 | 36 | 94 | 92 | 90 | 92 |
| Zhu et al. (20) | Non-replicating adenovirus type 5 (Ad5)-vectored | 1 × 1011 viral particles | 28 | 253 | 97 | – | 90 | – |
| Folegatti et al. (16) | ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 | 5 × 1010 viral particles | 28 | 35 | 100 | – | – | – |
| Logunov et al. (17) | Gam-COVID-Vac | 1011 viral particles | 28 | 20 | 100 | 100 | – | – |
| Logunov et al. (17) | Gam-COVID-Vac-Lyo | 1011 viral particles | 28 | 20 | 100 | 100 | – | – |
| Ramasamy et al. (18) | ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 | 5 × 1010 viral particles | 28 | 126 | >99 | – | – | – |
| mRNA vaccines | ||||||||
| Mulligan et al. (23) | BNT162b1 | 30 μg | 28 | 12 | 100 | – | – | – |
| Sahin et al. (36) | BNT162b1 | 30 μg | 28 | 12 | 100 | 100 | 100 | >99 |
| Walsh et al. (28) | BNT162b1 | 30 μg | 28 | 12 | 100 | – | – | – |
| Walsh et al. (28) | BNT162b2 | 30 μg | 28 | 12 | 100 | – | – | – |
| Anderson et al. (21) | mRNA-1273 | 25 μg | 57 | 20 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Inactivated vaccines | ||||||||
| Xia et al. (24) | BBIBP-CorV | 4 μg | 42 | 24 | 100 | – | – | – |
| Zhang et al. (35) | CoronaVac | 3 μg | 28 | 141 | >98 | – | – | – |
| Subunit vaccines | ||||||||
| Keech et al. (22) | NVX-CoV2373 | 25 μg | 35 | 28 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Chappell et al. (29) | MF59-adjuvanted | 15 μg | 57 | 24 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
RBDs, receptor-binding domains; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; GMT, geometric mean titer.