TABLE 1.
The clinical characteristics of the participants in the discovery and validation cohort.
| Clinical indices | Discovery cohort (n = 47) | p-value | Validation cohort (n = 19) | p-value | ||
|
|
|
|||||
| Control (n = 10) | Disease (n = 37) | Control (n = 9) | Disease (n = 10) | |||
| Age (years) | 37.4 ± 9.43 | 44.05 ± 14.8 | 0.2071 | 46.78 ± 15.21 | 56.2 ± 14.49 | 0.2055 |
| Sex (female/male) | 3/7 | 18/19 | 0.3048 | 4/5 | 5/5 | 0.8504 |
| Hospital stay (in days) | ND | 35 ± 12.5 | – | ND | 35 ± 5.617 | – |
| Sampling time (after hospitalization) | ND | 8.35 ± 9.01 | – | ND | 31.4 ± 5.4 | – |
| BMI | 21.94 ± 2.341 | 23.17 ± 2.441 | 0.1528 | 23.19 ± 3.373 | 23.7 ± 4.133 | 0.9025 |
| Known preexisting medical condition (yes/no) | 0/10 | 4/33 | – | 0/9 | 6/4 | – |
| Clinical type Mild Moderate Severe Critical | – | 72253 | – | – | 0370 | – |
| Stomach ache (yes/no) | – | 3/34 | – | – | 1/8 | – |
| Respiratory tract symptom (yes/no) | – | 10/27 | – | – | 9/1 | – |
| Antibiotic (yes/no) | – | 12/25 | – | – | 6/4 | – |
| Antiretroviral (yes/no) | – | 0/37 | – | – | 10/0 | – |
| TCM (yes/no) | – | 26/11 | – | – | 1/9 | – |
| Probiotics (yes/no) | – | 0/37 | – | – | 5/5 | – |
| WBC | 5.602 ± 0.774 | 5.845 ± 1.890 | 0.7354 | 7.232 ± 0.922 | 4.539 ± 1.112 | 0.0007 |
| Neutrophils | 3.294 ± 0.601 | 3.548 ± 1.556 | 0.6541 | 4.12 ± 0.9044 | 2.981 ± 0.8671 | 0.0247 |
| Lymphocytes | 1.844 ± 0.270 | 1.781 ± 0.630 | 0.5074 | 2.41 ± 0.3187 | 1.174 ± 0.3735 | 0.0003 |
| Monocyte | 0.34 ± 0.074 | 0.4140 ± 0.1327 | 0.1487 | 0.4289 ± 0.08283 | 0.339 ± 0.1363 | 0.1629 |
| Eosinophils | 0.085 ± 0.034 | 0.08972 ± 0.1256 | 0.1961 | 0.2422 ± 0.1088 | 0.033 ± 0.05208 | 0.0007 |
| Basophils | 0.019 ± 0.018 | 0.01270 ± 0.01217 | 0.2649 | 0.03111 ± 0.01453 | 0.011 ± 0.007379 | 0.0025 |
| RBC | 4.886 + 0.507 | 4.758 ± 0.5292 | 0.4747 | 4.682 ± 0.4799 | 4.428 ± 0.634 | 0.4877 |
| Hemoglobin | 146.11 ± 17.42 | 144.0 ± 17.35 | 0.8250 | 146.1 ± 16.8 | 129.4 ± 19.26 | 0.0602 |
| PLT | 208.3 ± 49.24 | 219.3 ± 60.01 | 0.7354 | 227 ± 34.91 | 155.7 ± 53.93 | 0.0055 |
| CREA | 47.88 ± 13.16 | 65.98 ± 11.79 | 0.5556 | 67.18 ± 15 | 58.78 ± 12.94 | 0.1530 |
| URCA | 350 ± 92.68 | 337.5 ± 102.6 | 0.6558 | 338.7 ± 105 | 278 ± 71.1 | 0.2364 |
| GLU | 5.218 ± 1.370 | 5.385 ± 2.038 | 0.8518 | 5.016 ± 0.8887 | 6.843 ± 3.616 | 0.0662 |
| ALT | 26.96 ± 12.05 | 28.14 ± 19.55 | 0.5995 | 19.77 ± 11.43 | 14.69 ± 5.996 | 0.4379 |
| AST | 21.39 ± 6.220 | 26.71 ± 14.89 | 0.5242 | 22.66 ± 6.787 | 23.35 ± 9.088 | 0.9025 |
| TBIL | 11.14 ± 2.653 | 12.25 ± 5.241 | 0.6305 | 14.93 ± 3.676 | 13.21 ± 8.074 | 0.1530 |
| DBIL | 3.73 ± 1.161 | 4.808 ± 2.715 | 0.3765 | 4.644 ± 1.443 | 4.352 ± 3.02 | 0.3074 |
| TP | 72.25 ± 5.734 | 72.50 ± 5.447 | 0.8966 | 73.84 ± 2.235 | 66.75 ± 5.568 | 0.0142 |
| ALB | 43.03 ± 2.878 | 42.69 ± 3.638 | 0.5850 | 46.3 ± 1.681 | 39.1 ± 4.416 | 0.0013 |
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to compare continuous variables.
BMI, body mass index; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; WBC, white blood cells; RBC, red blood cells; PLT, blood platelet; CREA, creatinine; URCA, uric acid; GLU, glucose; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; ND, no data; –, no calculation or no data.