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Effects of other important inflammatory mediators contributing to heart failure pathophysiology. CRP, C-reactive protein; CS, cardiogenic shock; ET-1, endothelin-1; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LDL, low density lipoprotein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells.
