Table 1.
Overview of patient characteristics. Data is reported as number or median with IQR
| ADD (n = 23) | MCI (n = 13) | Healthy controls (n = 5) | p | |
| M/F | 7/16 | 5/8 | 1/4 | 0.801 |
| Age | 77 [72.5;80.5] | 74 [68;77] | 70 [69;70] | 0.038 a |
| MMSE score at baseline | 13 [9;16.5] | 25 [25;26] | 29 [29;30] | < 0.001 b |
| Yearly MMSE score change* | –2 [0;–4.5] | –1 [0.4;–1.8] | 0 [0;0] | 0.202 |
| MMSE year 1 –MMSE baseline | –2 [0;–4] (n = 21) | 0 [–1,75;2] (n = 10) | 0 [–0.5;0.5] (n = 3) | 0.137 |
| MMSE year 2 - baseline | –5 [–8;–3.75] (n = 8) | –3 [–3;0.5] (n = 7) | 0 [0;0.5] (n = 3) | 0.020 c |
| BEHAVE-AD total score | 10 [6;17.5] | 3 [2;6] | – | 0.002 |
| BEHAVE-AD A (/21) | 0 [0;3] | 0 [0;0] | – | 0.011 |
| BEHAVE-AD B (/15) | 0 [0;0] | 0 [0;0] | – | 0.117 |
| BEHAVE-AD C (/9) | 3 [2;5.5] | 0 [0;0] | – | < 0.001 |
| BEHAVE-AD D (/9) | 3 [0.5; 5.5] | 0 [0;1] | – | 0.012 |
| BEHAVE-AD E (/3) | 0 [0;1.5] | 0 [0;0] | – | 0.121 |
| BEHAVE-AD F (/6) | 1 [0;2] | 1 [0;2] | – | 0.780 |
| BEHAVE-AD G (/12) | 0 [0;0] | 0 [0;2] | – | 0.359 |
| Behave-AD E score | ||||
| 0 | 12 [52%] | 10 [77%] | 0.175 | |
| 1 | 5 [22%] | 2 [15%] | – | 1.000 |
| 2 | 5 [22%] | 1 [8%] | 0.385 | |
| 3 | 1 [4%] | 0 [0%] | 1.000 | |
| Anti-AD medication | 5 | 0 | – | 0.136 |
| Sleep medication | 7 | 4 | – | 1.000 |
| Antidepressants | 7 | 1 | – | 0.213 |
| GDeprS | 9 [4;11] (n = 21) | 6 [3;8] (n = 12) | – | 0.084 |
| CSDD | 6 [4;8.5] | 4 [1;6] | – | 0.094 |
| MFS | 4 [3;5] | 1.5 [0;2] | – | < 0.001 |
| CMAI | 42 [33.5;54.5] | 31 [29;35] | – | 0.002 |
| APOE ɛ4 carrier status | (n = 22) | (n = 10) | ||
| no ɛ4 alleles | 9 [41%] | 4 [40%] | 1 [20%] | 0.792 |
| ≥one ɛ4 allele | 13 [59%] | 6 [60%] | 4 [80%] | 0.792 |
| one ɛ4 allele | 10 [45%] | 4 [40%] | 3 [60%] | 0.804 |
| two ɛ4 alleles | 3 [14%] | 2 [20%] | 1 [20%] | 0.843 |
*Yearly MMSE score changes is defined as “(last MMSE score measured –MMSE score baseline) / years between both”. Medication intake was missing in 3 healthy controls and displayed as not available (–) for all healthy controls since 60%of data for healthy controls was missing. BEHAVE-AD E, GDeprS and CSDD scores were not available (–) for healthy controls. GDeprS was furthermore missing in 2 ADD and 1 MCI patient. APOE status was missing in 1 ADD and 3 MCI patients. “MMSE year 1 –MSSE baseline” was missing in 2 ADD, 3 MCI, and 2 healthy controls; “MMSE year 2 –MMSE baseline” in 15 ADD, 6 MCI, and 2 healthy controls. aNo significant differences between groups after Bonferroni correction. bADD versus MCI: p < 0.001; ADD versus healthy controls: p < 0.001; MCI versus healthy controls: p = 0.003. c) ADD versus healthy controls: p = 0.042 after Bonferroni correction, no significant differences between other groups. Patients only took donepezil as anti-AD medication. Sleep medication included chloralhydrate, benzodiazepines, trazodone, and zolpidem. Antidepressants included venlafaxine, sertraline, paroxetine, and trazodone