Summary of findings 3. Biomedical feedback in addition to standard smoking cessation treatment in primary care.
| Biomedical feedback in addition to standard smoking cessation treatment in primary care | ||||||
| Patient or population: people who attend primary care and smoke tobacco Setting: primary care (Europe, USA) Intervention: biomedical feedback plus standard smoking cessation support Comparison: standard smoking cessation support | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | № of participants (studies) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
| Risk with placebo | Risk with biomedical feedback | |||||
| Smoking abstinence at 6‐month follow‐up or more | Study population | RR 1.07 (0.81 to 1.41) | 3491 (7 RCTs) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOWa | ‐ | |
| 10 per 100 | 11 per 100 (8 to 14) | |||||
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; RR: Risk ratio | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect | ||||||
aDowngraded two levels due to imprecision. CI encompassed the potential for both benefit and harm.