Comparison 3. Biomedical feedback (patient‐level).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3.1 Long‐term abstinence (subgrouped by type)	7	3491	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.81, 1.41]
3.1.1 Spirometry	4	2137	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.16 [0.72, 1.86]
3.1.2 CO monitoring	1	1040	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.15 [0.87, 1.51]
3.1.3 Gene testing for lung cancer risk	1	109	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.40, 1.80]
3.1.4 CO monitoring & spirometry	1	205	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.64 [0.29, 1.40]