Comparison 6. Provider incentives (provider‐level).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
6.1 Long‐term abstinence	2	2454	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.14 [0.97, 1.34]
6.1.1 Provider incentives + standard care vs standard care	1	2089	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.16 [0.98, 1.37]
6.1.2 Provider incentives + multicomponent int vs multicomponent int	1	365	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.85 [0.43, 1.70]