Hughes 1991.

Study characteristics
Methods	Design: Randomized controlled trial with 3 active trial arms Setting: 2 rural family practices, USA Recruitment: Conducted in practice waiting room
Participants	106 adults who smoked who had never used NRT gum, did not need to be motivated to quit, 62% M, av.age 37, 26 cpd
Interventions	Intervention 1: participants received 10 minutes of brief advice from physician, instruction to use free nicotine gum and a stop‐smoking booklet Intervention 2: participants received 10 minutes of brief advice from physician, instruction to use cost‐reduced NRT gum (USD 6/box) and a stop‐smoking booklet. Intervention 3: participants received 10 minutes of brief advice from physician, instruction to use nicotine gum (to purchase at a full price of USD 20/box) and a stop‐smoking booklet
Outcomes	Sustained abstinence at 12m Validation: No biochemical validation. Observers were used to verify cessation Quit attempts
Funding Source	Grant (DA‐04066) and Research Scientist Development Award (DA‐00109) from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Merreil‐Dow Research Institute provided nicotine gum
Author's declarations of interest	Not reported
Notes	Strategy: Cost‐free medications Level: Patient Comparison type: Single component vs. standard care
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Sequence Generation	Unclear risk	No details reported
Allocation concealment	Low risk	QUOTE: "After the advice had been given, the physician opened a sealed envelope and signed a prescription that indicated the price group to which the smoker had been assigned"
Blinding of outcome assessors All outcomes	Low risk	Observers were used to verify cessation and contact matched between trial arms
Incomplete outcome data All outcomes	Unclear risk	No details reported