Pereira 2006.

Study characteristics
Methods	Design: Cluster‐randomized controlled trial Setting: General practitioners in the Languedoc‐Roussillon region of France Recruitment: Practices were sent a letter of invitation, participants recruited in practice
Participants	1075 adults who smoked, 52% F, av.age 41, av. cpd not reported
Interventions	1. Intervention: 3‐day training program for GPs, consisted of concrete steps in creating and installing routine cessation interventions in general practice, taught by 8 professionals, whose expertise lay in cessation programs, teaching methods or patient education.Trained GPs offered 8 special consultations for smoking cessation 2. Control: Usual care. No further detail
Outcomes	Abstinence (undefined) at 12m Validation: None Measures of provider implementation: Assist‐Self‐help, Assist‐Prescribe
Funding Source	All sources were either non governmental associations, either government and health department or public health assurance
Author's declarations of interest	Not reported
Notes	Strategy: Provider training Level: Provider Comparison type: Single component vs. standard care
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Sequence Generation	Unclear risk	No details reported
Allocation concealment	Unclear risk	No details reported
Blinding of outcome assessors All outcomes	Unclear risk	Abstinence was self‐report; hard to tell with contact different between arms
Incomplete outcome data All outcomes	Unclear risk	Follow‐up rate: 68.5%. No further information
Recruitment bias (cluster RCTs only)	Unclear risk	No details reported
Balanced baseline characteristics? (cluster RCTs only)	Low risk	No statistical differences in GPs by group. Participant differences were noted and controlled for in analysis
Adjustment for clustering in analysis? (cluster RCTs only)	Low risk	QUOTE: "Marginal models, estimated by GEE and mixed generalised linear models are used for this type of design"