Richmond 1993.

Study characteristics
Methods	Design: Randomized controlled trial with 3 active trial arms Setting: GPs in Sydney, Australia Recruitment: GPs invited their patients to participate.
Participants	450 adults who smoked (16 ‐ 65 years) free from any condition which was contraindicated for the use of nicotine gum. 60% F, av.age 35, 22 cpd
Interventions	Intervention 1: Participant saw GP at baseline, 1w, 3w, 3m, 6m and received comprehensive counseling from GP on how to quit smoking Intervention 2: Participant saw GP at baseline, 1w, 3w, 3m, 6m and received comprehensive counseling from GP on how to quit smoking Participants were given a supply of nicotine gum, an explanation of its use, and an instruction booklet Intervention 3: Participants attended a baseline visit and follow‐up visits at 3m and 6m. At at baseline participants were advised to quit by GP and given a supply of nicotine gum, an explanation of its use, and an instruction booklet
Outcomes	PPA at 12m Continuous abstinence at 12m Validation: None
Funding Source	Funded by the Department of Health, Housing and Community Services, Community Health Anti‐Tuberculosis Association, Glaxo Australia, and the Drug and Alcohol Directorate, NSW Department of Health
Author's declarations of interest	Not reported
Notes	Strategy: Cost‐free medications, adjunctive counseling Level: Patient Type: Active vs. active (isolates cost‐free medications)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Sequence Generation	High risk	All participants were allocated according to random weekly assignment to 1 of 3 intervention groups
Allocation concealment	High risk	Weekly allocation. Could have been foreseen
Blinding of outcome assessors All outcomes	High risk	Smoking status was self‐reported, and different contact between groups
Incomplete outcome data All outcomes	Unclear risk	QUOTE: "a number of patients who were out of contact were eliminated from the predictor analyses...and 12 month follow‐ups (n = 59, 13%)"; "After the initial consultation, 15‐25% of the patients on each occasion did not attend the session and could not be contacted". No further details reported