. 2021 Jul 15;2021(7):CD013656. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013656.pub2

1. Baseline characteristics of included studies.

Study name	Trial period	Country	Description of participants	Intervention(s) and comparator(s)	Duration of follow‐up	Age*	IPSS*	Prostate volume*
Convective radiofrequency water vapor therapy (CRFWVT)
McVary 2016	2013‐2014	USA	Men ≥ 50 years; symptomatic BPH with IPSS ≥ 13; Q_max 5‐15 mL/s voided volume ≥ 125 mL; prostate volume 30‐80 g	CRFWVT	3 months	63 ± 7.1	22 ± 4.8	45.8 ± 13.0
				Sham		62.9 ± 7.0	21.9 ± 4.7	44.5 ± 13.3
Prostatic arterial embolization (PAE)
Abt 2018	2014‐2017	Switzerland	Men ≥ 40 years, refractory symptoms, prostate 25‐80 mL, with IPSS ≥ 8, IPSS‐QoL ≥ 3, with Q_max < 12 mL/s or urinary retention	PAE	24 months	65.7 ± 9.3	19.38 ± 6.37	52.8 ± 32.0
				TURP		66.1 ± 9.8	17.59 ± 6.17	56.5 ± 31.1
Carnevale 2016	2010‐2012	Brazil	Men > 45 years; IPSS > 19; refractory symptoms > 6 months; prostate 30‐90 mL; bladder outlet obstruction (urodynamic examination)	PAE	12 months	63.5 ± 8.7	25.3 ± 3.6	63.0 ± 17.8
				TURP		66.4 ± 5.6	27.6 ± 3.2	56.6 ± 21.5
Gao 2014	2007‐2012	China	Men with IPSS > 7 after failed medical therapy, prostate volume 20‐100 mL, Q_max < 15 mL/sec	PAE	24 months	67.7 ± 8.7	22.8 ± 5.9	64.7 ± 19.7
				TURP		66.4 ± 7.8	23.1 ± 5.8	63.5 ± 18.6
Insausti 2020	2014‐2017	Spain	Men > 60 years; LUTS refractory to medical treatment >6 months; IPSS ≥ 8; IPSS‐QoL ≥ 3; Q_max ≤ 10 mL/s or urinary retention	PAE	12 months	72.4 ± 6.2	25.8 ± 4.64	60.0 ± 21.6
				TURP		71.8 ± 5.5	26.0 ± 7.29	62.8 ± 23.8
Pisco 2020	2014‐2018	Portugal	Men > 45 years; severe LUTS; IPSS ≥ 20 and IPSS‐QoL ≥ 3 > 6 months' treatment with alpha‐blockers; Q_max < 12 mL/s; prostate volume 40 mL	PAE	6 months	64	25.5	63.5
				Sham		64	27.5	66
Radwan 2020	2016‐2018	Egypt	Men with LUTS with an IPSS score of 8 to 35, Qmax ≤ 10 mL/s; prostate volume < 100 mL	PAE	6 months	63.0 ± 7.2	27.0 ± 5.0	58.7 ± 23.4
				TURP		62.0 ± 9.0	26.5 ± 4.0	60.1 ± 21.5
Zhu 2018	2016	China	Men with comprehensive diagnosis of BPH through ultrasound prostate examination, digital rectal examination, IPSS, etc.; no absolute contraindication for surgery; no previous history of surgery; not taking 5‐alpha reductase inhibitors	PAE	12 months	61.1 ± 4.4	25.63 ± 4.28	81.21 ± 6.34
				TURP		62.4 ± 4.9	26.22 ± 4.35	82.09 ± 6.47
Prostatic urethral lift (PUL)
Gratzke 2017	2012‐2013	Europe	Men ≥ 50 years with IPSS > 12, Q_max ≤ 15 mL/second for 125 mL voided volume, PRV < 350 mL, prostate volume ≤ 60 mL, sexually active, Incontinence Severity Index score ≤ 4	PUL	24 months	63 ± 6.8	22 ± 5.7	38 ± 12 mL
				TURP		65 ± 6.4	23 ± 5.9	41 ± 13 mL
Roehrborn 2013	2011	19 centres/US, Canada, and Australia	Men ≥ 50 years, AUASI ≥ 13, Q_max ≤ 12 mL/second with a 125 mL voided volume and a 30‐80 mL prostate volume	PUL	3 months	67 ± 8.6	22.2 ± 5.48	44.5 ± 12.4 mL
				Sham		65 ± 8.0	24.4 ± 5.75	40.9 ± 10.8 mL
Temporary implantable nitinol device (TIND)
Chughtai 2020	2015‐2018	USA/Canada	Men ≥ 50 years; symptomatic BPH. IPSS ≥ 10, Qmax < 12 ml/sec; voided volume > 125 mL; prostate volume 25‐75 ml	TIND	3 months	61.5 ± 6.5	22.1 ± 6.8	43.4 ± 15.5
				Sham		60.1 ± 6.3	22.8 ± 6.2	43.8 ± 13.3
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)
Abbou 1995	N/A	France	Men ≥ 50 years with symptoms > 3 months, prostate 30‐80 g, Q_max < 15 mL/s, PVR < 300 mL	TUMT	12 months	65 ± 8	N/A	45 ± 15
				Sham		66 ± 7	N/A	44 ± 11
Ahmed 1997	N/A	UK	Men ≥ 55 years with AUA score >12 > 1‐year, prostate 25‐100 mL, Q_max < 15 mL/s and a PVR < 300 mL	TUMT	6 months	69.36	18.5	36.6
				TURP		69.45	18.4	46.1
Albala 2002	N/A	USA	Men 50‐80 years, AUA index > 13 and a bother score >11, Q_max < 12 mL/sec and PVR > 125 mL; prostate 30‐100 mL without a significant intravesical middle lobe	TUMT	12 months	65.2 ± 7.3	22.2 ± 5.0	50.5 ± 18.6
				Sham		64.6 ± 7.1	22.7 ± 5.7	47.1 ± 17.9
Bdesha 1994	N/A	UK	Men with prostatism (WHO score > 14), PVR > 50 mL, Q_max < 15 ml/s	TUMT	3 months	63.7	19.2	N/A
				Sham		62.6	18.8	N/A
Blute 1996	N/A	USA	Men suffering from urinary symptoms (Madsen Symptom score >8), PVR 10000 mL, Qmax < 10 mL/s, prostate length 30 – 50 mm	TUMT	12 months	66.9 ± 7.8	19.9 ± 7.2	37.4 ± 14.2
				Sham		66.9 ± 7.1	20.8 ± 6.7	36.1 ± 13.4
Brehmer 1999	N/A	Sweden	Men suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms and with an enlarged prostate	TUMT	12 months	70.4	N/A	N/A
				Sham
D'Ancona 1998	1994‐1995	Netherlands	Men ≥ 45 years with Madsen score > 8 months, prostate 2.5‐5 cm/30‐100 mL, Q_max < 15 mL/s PRV < 350 mL	TUMT	24 months	69.6 ± 8.5	16.7 ± 5.6	45 ± 15
				TURP		69.3 ± 5.9	18.3 ± 6.3	43 ± 12
Dahlstrand 1995	N/A	Sweden	Men ≥ 45 years with Madsen score > 8 months, prostate 3.5‐5 cm, Q_max < 15 mL/s PRV > 150 mL	TUMT	24 months	68	N/A	33
				TURP		79	N/A	37
De Wildt 1996	1991‐1992	Netherlands/UK	Men ≥ 45 years with Madsen score > 8 months, Qmax < 15 mL/s PRV > 150 mL	TUMT	12 months	63.3 ± 8.1	N/A	48.6 ± 16.6
				Sham		66.9 ± 6.0	N/A	49.0 ± 20.0
Floratos 2001	1996‐1997	Netherlands	Men ≥ 45 years, prostate ≥ 30 cm³, prostatic urethral length ≥ 25 mm, a Madsen symptom score ≥ 8, Q_max ≤ 15 ml/s, PVR ≤ 350 ml	TUMT	36 months	68	21	42
				TURP		66	20	48
Larson 1998	1994‐1996	USA	Men ≥ 45 years with AUA score > 9, enlarged prostate (3‐5 cm TRUS), Q_max < 12 mL/s without a significantly enlarged middle lobe	TUMT	12 months	66	20.8	38.1
				Sham		65.9	21.3	44.7
Nawrocki 1997	N/A	UK	Men with a Madsen symptom score ≥ 8, Q_max ≤ 15 ml/s, PVR > 150 ml, detrussor pressure > 70 cm H₂O	TUMT	6 months	70	19	41.2 ± 14.6
				Sham			17.5	46.7 ± 16.8
Norby 2002	1996‐1997	Denmark	Men ≥ 50 years, IPSS ≥ 7, Q_max ≤ 12 ml/s	TUMT	6 months	66 ± 7	20.5 ± 5.7	43
				TURP/TUIP		68 ± 7	21.3 ± 6.6	44
Roehrborn 1998	N/A	United States	Men ≥ 55 years, AUA‐SI ≥ 13, Q_max ≤ 12 ml/s, prostate volume 25‐100 mL	TUMT	6 months	66.3 ± 6.5	23.6 ± 5.6	48.1 ± 16.2
				Sham		66.0 ± 5.8	23.9 ± 5.6	50.5 ± 18.1
Venn 1995	N/A	UK	Men with a Madsen symptom score ≥ 8, PVR < 250 ml	TUMT	6 months	70.5	19.2	40.4
				Sham		68	20.1	40.6
Wagrell 2002	1998‐1999	Scandinavia/USA	Men IPSS ≥ 13, Q_max ≤ 13 ml/s, prostate volume 30‐100 mL	TUMT	5 years	67 ± 8	21.0 ± 5.4	48.9 ± 15.8
				TURP		69 ± 8	20.4 ± 5.9	52.7 ± 17.3

(*) mean/median, ± standard deviation when available. AUA‐SI/IPSS score: American Urological Association Symptom Index/International Prostate Symptom Score; BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia; CRFWVT: convective radiofrequency water vapor therapy; LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms; PAE: prostatic arterial embolization; PSA: prostate‐specific antigen; PUL: prostatic urethral lift; PVR: postvoid residual; Q_max: maximum flow rate; TIND: temporary implantable nitinol device; TUMT: transurethral microwave thermotherapy; TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate.