Table 2.
Characteristics of drowning patients according to survival status at day-28
| All patients n = 270 |
Survived at Day-28 n = 215 |
Dead at Day-28 n = 55 |
HR | 95% CI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 68 (54–75) | 63.5 (58–75) | 62 (48–73.5) | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | 0.01 |
| Male sex | 161 (59.6) | 123 (57.2) | 38 (69.1) | 1.60 | 0.90–2.83 | 0.11 |
| At least one psychiatric comorbidity | 72 (26.7%) | 54 (25.1) | 18 (32.7) | 1.39 | 0.79–2.44 | 0.25 |
| Obesity | 38 (16.7) | 29 (15.9) | 9 (20) | 1.12 | 0.44–2.83 | 0.8 |
| Alcoholism | 42 (15.6) | 27 (12.6) | 15 (27.3) | 2.25 | 1.24–4.10 | 0.007 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 29 (10.7) | 24 (11.2) | 5 (9.1) | 0.77 | 0.31–1.94 | 0.58 |
| Respiratory disease | 19 (7.0) | 12 (5.6) | 7 (12.7) | 2.12 | 0.96–4.70 | 0.06 |
| Epilepsy | 16 (5.9) | 13 (6) | 3 (5.4) | 0.88 | 0.27–2.82 | 0.83 |
|
Etiology Drug or alcohol intoxication Suicide attempt Presumed cardiac Presumed neurologic Accident |
30 (11.7) 26 (10.1) 48 (18.7) 15 (5.8) 151 (55.9) |
19 (9.1) 19 (9.1) 46 (22) 12 (5.7) 119 (55.3) |
11 (22.9) 7 (14.6) 2 (4.2) 3 (6.2) 32 (58.2) |
2.08 1.38 0.16 1.03 1.13 |
1.08–4.04 0.62–3.05 0.04–0.64 0.32–3.31 0.66–1.94 |
0.03 0.43 0.01 0.95 0.64 |
|
Season Spring Summer Autumn Winter |
51 (18.9) 185 (68.5) 8 (3) 26 (9.6) |
40 (18.6) 154 (71.3) 6 (2.8) 15 (7) |
11 (20) 31 (56.4) 2 (3.6) 11 (20) |
1.08 0.56 1.41 2.59 |
0.56–2.1 0.33–0.95 0.34–5.79 1.34–5.02 |
0.81 0.03 0.63 0.0047 |
| Scene information | ||||||
|
Type of water Seawater Freshwater |
199 (73.7) 71 (26.3) |
170 (79.1) 45 (20.9) |
29 (52.7) 26 (47.3) |
2.93 | 1.72–4.97 | < 0.0001 |
| Loss of consciousness | 197 (72.9) | 150 (69.8) | 47 (85.4) | 2.97 | 1.35–7.5 | 0.01 |
| CGS < 13 | 129 (47.8) | 76 (35.3) | 53 (96.4) | 37.2 | 9.1–152.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Event witnessed | 185 (68.5) | 158 (73.5) | 27 (49.1) | 0.35 | 0.19–0.64 | 0.0007 |
| Cardiac arrest | 103 (38.1) | 50 (23.2) | 53 (96.4) | 60.26 | 14.7–247.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Resuscitation before EMS | 88 (85.4) | 49 (98) | 39 (70.9) | 0.06 | 0.003–0.33 | 0.008 |
| EMS called (%) | 261 (96.7) | 207 (96.3) | 54 (98.2) | 2.09 | 0.97–39.1 | 0.49 |
| CPR duration | 17.5 (5–30) | 5 (2.25–10) | 30 (24.5–35) | 1.09 | 1.08–1.11 | < 0.0001 |
| Clinical and laboratory findings at ICU admission | ||||||
| Temperature (°C) | 35.4 (33.5–36.6) | 35.9 (34.5–36.8) | 32.4 (30.5–34) | 0.69 | 0.64–0.75 | < 0.0001 |
| Leukocyte count (109/L) | 11.3 (8.4–16.1) | 11.3 (8.7–15.7) | 11.1 (8–18.2) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.82 |
| PaO2/FIO2 (mm Hg/%) | 142 (93–221) | 141 (94–204) | 144 (80–248) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.47 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 43 (38–51) | 43 (38–49) | 48 (36–61) | 1.03 | 1.02–1.05 | < 0.0001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 143 (138–147) | 143 (139–146) | 143 (134–148) | 0.99 | 0.95–1.03 | 0.51 |
| Invasive MV at day 1 | 105 (38.9) | 54 (25.1) | 51 (92.7) | 26.65 | 9.62–73.81 | < 0.0001 |
| SAPS II at day 1 | 36 (26–63) | 31 (24–42) | 77 (68–90) | 1.07 | 1.06–1.09 | < 0.0001 |
| SOFA at day 1 | 3 (2–8) | 2 (1–5) | 12 (9–15) | 1.37 | 1.3–1.45 | < 0.0001 |
Data are presented as median (IQR: interquartiles), n (%). P values comparing patients are tested by Cox model
Abbreviations: CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS: Emergency Medical Services; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; SD: Standard Deviation; MAP: Mean Arterial Pressure; PaO2: arterial oxygen tension; FiO2: Fraction of inspired Oxygen; PaCO2: Carbon dioxide tension; SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score II SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment