Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Publication year | Study location | Study design | Sample size | Participants | Ascertainment of rhinitis | Type of rhinitis | Diagnosis of rhinitis | Ascertainment of depression | Depression diagnostic criteria | Outcomes | Confounding factors | Data source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhou | 2017 | United States | Cross-sectional | 19.1 ± 1.1 million | Adults | Survey participants self-reported | AR | NA | Survey self-reported | NA | 1.32 (1.12–1.54) | Region, sex, race, income, education, and age | 2014 (NHIS) |
| Yamamoto-Hanada | 2019 | Japan | Cross-sectional | 86,085 | Pregnant women | Self-reported | Rhinitis | NA | Self-reported | K-6 ≥ 5 | 1.2 (1.17–1.24) | NA | NA |
| Roxbury | 2019 | United States | Cross-sectional | 4320 | Adults | Self-reported | Rhinitis/AR/NAR | NA | Self-reported | PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | 1.42 (1.03–1.95)/0.9 (0.68–1.18)/1.99(1.34–2.96) | Age, gender, race, obesity comorbid medical conditions, including self-reported history of asthma, coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, thyroid disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and trouble seeing; and self-rated general health condition (excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor) | 2005–2006 (NHANES) |
| Kim | 2016 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 11,154 | > 19 y | Self-reported | AR | NA | Self-reported | EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) |
2.585 (1.519–4.398)/severe 1.49 (0.894–2.481) 1.254 (0.897–1.752) |
Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol use status, exercise status, region of residence, income, education, marital status, asthma, and atopic dermatitis | KNHANES, 2011–2012 |
| Nanda | 2016 | United States | Prospective cohort | 546 | 4–7 y | Diagnosed | AR | 1 aeroallergen SPT positive+ | Diagnosed | BASC-2 | 3.2 (1.7–6.5) | Gender, parental asthma, maternal education, BMI, and sleep disturbance | 2001–2003, CCAAPS |
| Chen | 2013 | Taiwan | Prospective cohort study | 1673 | 12-15y | Diagnosed | AR | ICD-9-CM | Diagnosed | ICD-9-CM | 1.59 (1.02–2.50) | Residence location and comorbid allergic diseases | 1996–2000, NHIRD |
| Bedolla-Barajas | 2017 | Mexico | Cross-sectional study | 241 | ≥ 18 and ≤ 50 | Diagnosed | AR/NAR | Diagnosed | BDI-II > 13 | 2.5 (1.24–4.9)/3.3 (1.28–8.25) | Sex | 2012–2013 | |
| Valero | 2015 | Spain | Cross-sectional study | 670 | > 18 y | Self-reported | Rhinitis | NA | Self-reported | HAD | 17.6% vs. 4.76% | NA | NA |
| Wei | 2016 | Taiwan | Cohort | 5075/44729 | 10–17 y | Diagnosed | Rhinitis | ICD-9-CM | Diagnosed | ICD-9-CM | 1.8 [1.29–2.50] | Demographic data | 1995–2000, NHIRD |
| Audino | 2014 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 1283 | 10–13 y | Self-reported | Rhinitis | NA | Diagnosed | TAD > 115 | 17.7% vs. 11.2% | NA | Palermo, Italy |
| Derebery | 2008 | United States | Cohort | 7024 | > 18 y | Self-reported | Rhinitis | NA | Self-reported | NA | 17.2% (3831) vs. 8.3% (3193) | NA | 2004 NFO |
| Tas | 2019 | Turkey | Cross-sectional | 101/74 | > 18 y | Diagnosed | AR | Endoscopic nasal examination | Self-reported | TEMPS-A | 23.8% (24/101) vs. 10.8% (8/74) | NA | 2017–2018 |
| Shin | 2018 | Korea | Cross-sectional study | 15,441 | > 19 y | Self-reported | AR | NA | Self-reported | HRQoL | 1.72 (1.08–2.73) | Age, gender, educational level, marital status, household income, occupation, residential area, smoking status, alcohol consumption, exercise status, sleep duration, and obesity; comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, stroke, ischemic heart disease, arthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, thyroid disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, and depression; activity limitations; subjective health; and total cholesterol and triglyceride levels | 2013–2015 KNHANES |
| Seo | 2012 | Korea | Cross-sectional | 76,937 | Adolescents | Self-reported | AR | NA | Self-reported | NA | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) | NA | 2009 Korean Youth’s Risk Behavior Web-based Study |
AR allergic rhinitis, BASC-2 Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory-II, CCAAPS Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study, CI confidence interval, EPOS European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression score, ICD-9-CM International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, K-6 Kessler’s K-6 Non-Specific Psychological Distress Scale, KNHIS-NSC National Sample Cohort of the Korea National Health Insurance Service, TAD testing for depression and anxiety characteristics using the Depression and Anxiety in Youth Scale, KNHANES Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NA not applicable because only 1 study, NAR nonallergic rhinitis, NFO National Family Opinion, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHIRD National Health Insurance Research Database, NHIS National Health Interview Survey, NHIRD National Health Insurance Research Database, NPHS National Population Health Survey, OR odds ratio, QOL quality of life, TEMPS-A Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, France, San Diego Auto-questionnaire