Table 2.

Summary of derivations and key facts for; stem cells including hematopoietic stem cell therapy, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells.

Derivation of Stem of Stem Cells
Stem Cell Type	Derivation	Key Facts
HSC	Cytokine mobilised blood Umbilical blood	Can transform into progenitor cells via differentiation Self-renewal potential Can undergo cell apoptosis Difficult to identify as their morphology is similar to white blood cells in culture
MSC	Adipose tissue Umbilical cord blood Bone marrow Fallopian tube Foetal liver and lung	Multipotent stromal cells Differentiation potential High immunoregulatory potential Crucial for repairing cartilage, bone and skeletal tissue
ESC	Blastocyst Stage Embryos	High degree differentiation Unlimited potential for self-renewal Greatly versatile and durable Can be used in testing drug safety and effectiveness
iPSC	Somatic cells	Can be reprogrammed from somatic cells through use of pluripotency factors Avoids destruction of embryos High pluripotency Can be used for personalised treatment as they are derived from autologous cells Avoid immunological incompatibility
EPC	Bone marrow Peripheral blood vessels	Responsible for neovascularization of damaged tissue Potential to hinder liver fibrosis by suppressing activation of HSCs Stimulate hepatocyte proliferation and greater matrix metalloproteinase activity Increase secretion of growth factors