CAE	Computer-Aided Engineering
CFD	Computational Fluid Dynamics
E(xi)	Young’s modulus of each element
Esolid	Young’s modulus of solid regions
Evoid	Very low Young’s modulus
f	Distributed body force
F	Force vector
FAA	Federal Aviation Regulations
FEM	Finite Element Method
Fi	Point load on the ith node
K	Global stiffness matrix
k 0	Elemental stiffness matrix
MVSTW	morphing variable span of tapered wing
S	Surface area of the continuum
SO	sizing optimization
STO	sizing and topology optimization
SIMP	Solid Isotropic Material with the Penalization
t	Traction force
TO	topology optimization
u	Displacement area
U	Global displacement
Ui	ith displacement degree of freedom
V	Total volume
V 0	Initial volume
Vi	Volume of the ith element
Γ(y)	Circulation distribution
Xi	Pseudo density
p 0	Density of the base material
pi	Density of the ith element