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. 2021 Oct 21;14:3333–3343. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S327945

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© 2021 Zhu et al.

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Results of analyses of variance for effective connectivity of the left and right hippocampus. The left panel shows regions with significant difference in causal flow from the left hippocampus (A) and right hippocampus (B) to other regions as well as extracted GC coefficients for these regions. The right panel shows regions with significant difference in causal flow from other regions to the left hippocampus (C) and right hippocampus (D) as well as extracted GC coefficients for these regions.

Note: *Indicates significant difference between groups.

Abbreviations: GC, Granger causality; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; VA, visual areas; EM, the episodic migraine group; CM, the chronic migraine group; HC, the healthy control group.