Table 1. Evolution of vaccines against pathogens in terms of technological development.

Technology	18th century	19th century	20th century	21st century
Genetically engineered vaccine	–	–	Hepatitis B, Lyme, cholera	Human papilloma meningococcal group B, SARS-CoV-2
Purified proteins, polysaccharide vaccine	–	–	Diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, anthrax, meningococcus polysaccharide, pneumococcus polysaccharide, Haemophilus influenza, typhoid polysaccharide. pertussis, hepatitis B	Pneumococcal conjugate (hepta and polyvalent), meningococcal conjugate
Killed whole organisms vaccine	–	Typhoid, cholera, plague	Pertussis, influenza, rickettsia, polio (injected), rabies, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis hepatitis A, meningococcal group C, cholera	Japanese encephalitis, cholera
Live attenuated vaccine	Smallpox	Rabies	Tuberculosis, yellow fever, polio (oral), measles, mumps, rubella adenovirus, typhoid, varicella, rotavirus, cholera, influenza	New rotavirus, zoster