Table 1.

Summary of mucormycosis clinical manifestations in COVID-19 patients.

Type	Pathogenesis	Clinical Manifestation	Risk Factors
Rhino-cerebral mucormycosis	Spores invade sinuses, cribriform plates, and through the cavernous sinus.	Infects the sinuses and spreads to the brain. Destroys maxillary-facial structures and causes ptosis, proptosis, and permanent vision loss [37].	Common in patients with uncontrolled diabetes [49] and kidney transplant.
Pulmonary mucormycosis	Spread of fungal infection through the bloodstream.	Destroys bronchial airways, causes dyspnoea, tracheal invasions of the lungs, and a reverse halo sign on CT scan.	Patients with cancer, post-transplant immunosuppressive therapy [21].
Gastrointestinal mucormycosis	Inhaling spores that invade the GI tract.	Fever, bowel, and per rectal bleed [45,50].	Consistent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, malnutrition, and neutropenia.
Cutaneous mucormycosis	Direct inoculation of skin through site of trauma or thermal burns.	Black discolouration and lesions on the skin.	Skin trauma such as surgery or burns. It does not involve an impaired immunological response.
Disseminated mucormycosis	Occurs when the infection spreads through the bloodstream to another part of the body	Commonly affects the brain, but also other organs such as the spleen, heart, and skin.	Iron overload, neutropenia, suppressed immune system [24].