Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Country | Age (Y) | Participants (M/F) | Description of RE | Intensity (%1RM) | Repetitions | Sets | Frequency(t/wk) | Duration (wk) | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RE/Control | RE | Control | |||||||||
| Au et al. (18) | Canada | 23 ± 2/ 23 ± 2 |
16 (16/0) | 14(14/0) | Leg press, seated row, bench press, cable hamstring curl, front planks, shoulder press, bicep curls, triceps extension, wide grip pull downs, and knee extension | 75–90% | 8–12 | 3 | 4 | 12 | cfPWV |
| Au et al. (18) | Canada | 23 ± 3/ 23 ± 2 |
16 (16/0) | 14(14/0) | Leg press, seated row, bench press, cable hamstring curl, front planks, shoulder press, bicep curls, triceps extension, wide grip pull downs, and knee extension | 30–50% | 20–25 | 3 | 4 | 12 | cfPWV |
| Beck et al. (29) | U.S. | 21.1 ± 2.3/ 21.6 ± 3.1 |
15 (11/4) | 15(10/5) | Leg extension, leg curl, leg press, lat pull down, chest press, overhead press, and biceps curl | 60% | 8–12 | 2 | 3 | 8 | cfPWV |
| Cahu Rodrigues et al. (30) | Brazil | 61 ± 8.25/ 59 ± 8 |
17 (6/11) | 16(5/11) | Four sets of 2-min isometric contractions using a performed handgrip dynamometer | 30% | nr | 4 | 3 | 12 | cfPWV |
| Casey et al. (20) | U.S. | 21 ± 2.45/ 22 ± 2.97 |
24 (11/13) | 18(8/10) | Leg extension, leg curl, leg press, lat pulldown, chest press, overhead press, and bicep curl | 70% | 8–12 | 2 | 3 | 12 | cfPWV |
| Cortez-Cooper et al. (22) | U.S. | 29 ± 1/ 27 ± 2 |
23 (0/23) | 10(0/10) | Bench press, overhead press, weight-assisted parallel bar dip, dumbbell crossover pull, dumbbell rowing motion, latissimus dorsi pulldown, dumbbell curl, squat/leg press, high pull, deadlift, medicine ball drills, and abdominal exercises | 75–85% | 5–10 | 3–4 | 4 | 11 | cfPWV |
| Croymans et al. (31) | U.S. | 21.5 ± 2.34/ 21.85 ± 1.79 |
28 (28/0) | 8(8/0) | Dumbbell (DB) squat, cable row, DB front lunge, DB row, barbell dead lift, DB triceps extension, DB bicep curl, DB step-up, barbell chest press, machine squat, DB overhead press, DB incline chest press, DB side raise, DB reverse fly, and abdominal crunches | 70–85% | 8–12 | 2–3 | 3 | 12 | cfPWV |
| Devallance et al. (21) | U.S. | 49 ± 12/ 44 ± 10.4 |
16 (4/12) | 12(3/9) | Leg press, chest press, lat pull down, leg curl, shoulder press, and leg extension | 70–85% | 8–12 | 3 | 3 | 8 | cfPWV |
| Devallance et al. (21) | U.S. | 51 ± 11/ 51 ± 16 |
13 (4/9) | 16(4/12) | Leg press, chest press, lat pull down, leg curl, shoulder press, and leg extension | 70–85% | 8–12 | 3 | 3 | 8 | cfPWV |
| Greenwood et al. (32) | England | 54.6 ± 10.6/ 49.5 ± 10.6 |
13 (7/6) | 20(10/10) | Bench press, latissimus pulldown, bicep curl, triceps pull down, leg press, knee extension, hamstring curl, and calf raises | 80% | 8–10 | 3 | 3 | 12 | cfPWV |
| Jaime et al. (33) | U.S. | 64 ± 3.46/ 67 ± 2.83 |
12 (0/12) | 8(0/8) | Leg press, leg extension, leg flexion, and calf raise | 40% | 15 | 2 | 3 | 12 | baPWV cfPWV |
| Jones et al. (34) | New Zealand | 55.8 ± 7.2/ 55.9 ± 7.1 |
26 (0/26) | 25(0/25) | Leg press, leg extension, lying hamstring curl, machine bench press, lat pulldown, cable row, dumbbell shoulder press, dumbbell bicep curl, triceps pushdown, V-sit, abdominal crunches, and reverse abdominal crunches | 60% | 10–12 | 2–4 | 2 | 12 | cfPWV |
| Miura et al. (35) | Japan | 69.0 ± 6.5/ 68.9 ± 7.5 |
29 (0/29) | 23(0/23) | Chest fly, biceps curl, push-up, bent-over row, upright row, overhead press, squat, front lunge, side lunge, straight-leg extension, heal raise, and outer thigh lift | 50–60% | 15–20 | 3–5 | 1 | 12 | baPWV |
| Miura et al. (35) | Japan | 69.5 ± 7.0/ 68.9 ± 7.5 |
25 (0/25) | 23(0/23) | Chest fly, biceps curl, push-up, bent-over row, upright row, overhead press, squat, front lunge, side lunge, straight-leg extension, heal raise, and outer thigh lift | 50–60% | 15–20 | 3–5 | 2 | 12 | baPWV |
| Miura et al. (19) | Japan | 72.9 ± 5.7/ 69.7 ± 6.7 |
45 (0/45) | 47(0/47) | Chest fly, biceps curl, push-up, bent-over row, upright row, overhead press, squat, front lunge, side lunge, straight-leg extension, heal raise, and outer thigh lift | 50–60% | 15–20 | 3–5 | 2 | 12 | baPWV |
| Miura et al. (19) | Japan | 72.0 ± 7.1/ 71.8 ± 5.6 |
55 (0/55) | 53(0/53) | Chest fly, biceps curl, push-up, bent-over row, upright row, overhead press, squat, front lunge, side lunge, straight-leg extension, heal raise, and outer thigh lift | 50–60% | 15–20 | 3–5 | 2 | 12 | baPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (36) | Japan | 18.9 ± 0.3/ 19.9 ± 1.2 |
10 (0/10) | 9(0/9) | Arm curl (2s eccentric phase) | 80% | 10 | 5 | 3 | 8 | baPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (36) | Japan | 19.1 ± 0.3/ 19.9 ± 1.2 |
10 (0/10) | 9(0/9) | Arm curl (2s concentric phase) | 80% | 10 | 5 | 3 | 8 | baPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (37) | Japan | 19.4 ± 0.2/ 19.4 ± 0.2 |
10 (10/0) | 9(9/0) | Chest press, arm curl, lateral pull down, seated row, shoulder press, leg extension, leg curl, leg press, and sit-up (3-s lowering phase and 3-s lifting phase) | 40% | 10 | 5 | 2 | 8 | baPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (23) | Japan | 20.2 ± 0.4/ 20.1 ± 0.3 |
10 (7/3) | 10(6/4) | Chest presses, arm curls, seated rows, shoulder presses, and lat pull downs | 80% | 8–10 | 5 | 2 | 10 | baPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (23) | Japan | 20.0 ± 0.5/ 20.1 ± 0.3 |
10 (7/3) | 10(6/4) | Leg presses, squats, seated calf raises, leg extensions, and leg curls | 80% | 8–10 | 5 | 2 | 10 | baPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (23) | Japan | 19.6 ± 1.26/ 19.7 ± 0.95 |
10 (10/0) | 10(10/0) | Chest presses, arm curls, seated rowing, leg curls, leg presses, and sit-ups (1-s lifting phase and 3-s lowering phase) | 80% | 8–10 | 5 | 2 | 10 | baPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (23) | Japan | 19.2 ± 0.95/ 19.7 ± 0.95 |
10 (10/0) | 10(10/0) | Chest presses, arm curls, seated rowing, leg curls, leg presses, and sit-ups (3-s lifting phase and 1-s lowering phase) | 80% | 8–10 | 5 | 2 | 10 | baPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (17) | Japan | 18.5 ± 0.5/ 18.6 ± 0.5 |
13 (10/3) | 13(9/4) | Chest press, arm curl, seated row, lateral pull down, leg press, leg extension, leg curls, and sit-ups | 50% | 10 | 5 | 2 | 10 | baPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (38) | Japan | 19.3 ± 0.7/ 19.1 ± 0.6 |
10 (5/5) | 10(5/5) | Chest presses, arm curls, seated rowing, leg curls, and leg presses | 50/80% | 10 | 2/3 | 2 | 10 | cfPWV |
| Okamoto et al. (38) | Japan | 19.1 ± 0.7/ 19.1 ± 0.6 |
10 (5/5) | 10(5/5) | Chest presses, arm curls, seated rowing, leg curls, and leg presses | 80/50% | 10 | 3/2 | 2 | 10 | cfPWV |
| Werner et al. (39) | U.S. | 22.9 ± 2.9/ 21.2 ± 2.8 |
10 (10/0) | 10(10/0) | Back squats, flat bench press, seated rows, shoulder press, bicep curls, triceps extension, standing calf raises, seated leg curls, and seated leg extension | 80–90% | 3–8 | 2–3 | 3–5 | 12 | cfPWV |
| Werner et al. (39) | U.S. | 20.9 ± 3.2/ 21.2 ± 2.8 |
10 (10/0) | 10(10/0) | Back squats, flat bench press, seated rows, shoulder press, bicep curls, triceps extension, standing calf raises, seated leg curls, and seated leg extension | 50–70% | 10–15 | 3–4 | 3–5 | 12 | cfPWV |
| Yoshizawa et al. (40) | Japan | 47 ± 6.63/ 49 ± 10.39 |
11 (0/11) | 12(0/12) | Leg curl, leg press, hip adduction, hip flexion, vertical press, and sit-ups | 60% | 10 | 3 | 2 | 12 | cfPWV |
Y, years; M/F, male/female; RE, resistance exercise; 1RM, one-repetition maximum; t/wk, times/week; cfPWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; baPWV, brachial-ankle PWV; nr, not reported.