Table 1:
Characteristics of Study Participants
| Variable | All participants (N=95) Median (IQR) N (%) |
Low carbohydrate (N=48) Median (IQR) N (%) |
High carbohydrate (N=47) Median (IQR) N (%) |
P-value (Low vs. High Carbohydrate Intake) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 33.0 (30.9, 35.8) | 33.4 (31.5, 36.6) | 32.2 (28.7, 34.8) | 0.06 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.89 | |||
| Hispanic/Latina | 19 (20.0%) | 9 (19%) | 10 (21%) | |
| White non-Hispanic | 57 (60.0%) | 29 (60%) | 28 (60%) | |
| Black non-Hispanic | 11 (11.6%) | 5 (10%) | 6 (13%) | |
| Asian non-Hispanic | 4 (4.2%) | 3 (6%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Other non-Hispanic | 4 (4.2%) | 2 (4%) | 2 (4%) | |
| Education completed | 0.14 | |||
| Middle school or high school | 11 (11.6%) | 3 (6%) | 8 (17%) | |
| College | 42 (44.2%) | 25 (52%) | 17 (36%) | |
| Graduate school | 42 (44.2%) | 20 (42%) | 22 (47%) | |
| First trimester BMI (kg/m2) * | 29.2 (25.4, 33.5) | 29.5 (25.8, 33.2) | 29.1 (23.9, 33.6) | 0.72 |
| Personal History of Gestational Diabetes | 11 (11.6%) | 6 (12%) | 5 (11%) | 0.78 |
| Family History of Diabetes | 34 (35.8%) | 18 (38%) | 16 (34%) | 0.73 |
| Primigravid | 32 (33.7%) | 16 (33%) | 16 (34%) | 0.94 |
| Multiple gestation | 5 (5.4%) | 4 (9%) | 1 (2%) | 0.18 |
| Gestational age | 26.3 (25.0, 27.4) | 26.7 (25.7, 27.5) | 26.0 (24.9, 27.3) | 0.16 |
| BMI at OGTT visit (kg/m2) | 31.1 (27.6, 36.3) | 31.2 (27.9, 35.6) | 31.0 (26.0, 36.5) | 0.91 |
| Gestational weight gain (lbs) ** | 13.2 (8, 17.4) | 13.3 (6.7, 17.1) | 13.0 (10.0, 17.4) | 0.39 |
| Time spent fasting prior to OGTT (hours) | 11.9 (10.6, 13.4) | 12.1 (10.8, 13.0) | 11.6 (10.3, 13.5) | 0.26 |
| Total Calories (kCal/24 hrs) | 1968 (1661, 2486) | 1689 (1497, 1893) | 2471 (2109, 2764) | <0.001 |
| Total Carbohydrate (g/24 hrs) | 236.9 (196.0, 302.6) | 196.2 (167.9, 221.8) | 302.6 (278.3, 354.3) | <0.001 |
| Dietary Percent Carbohydrate ᵻ | 48.5 (43.9, 57.1) | 46.2 (39.4, 51.5) | 52.8 (46.7, 60.2) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) + | 79.0 (75.0,84.0) | 79.5 (75.0, 84.5) | 79.0 (75.0, 84.0) | 0.68 |
BMI=body mass index, OGTT=oral glucose tolerance test
*
BMI measured at first study visit during first trimester
**
Weight gain reported as the difference between measured weight at the first study visit and measured weight at the second study visit
ᵻ
Percent carbohydrate of the diet defined as (grams of carbohydrate * 4)/kcals * 100
+
Fasting glucose at the time of the second study visit OGTT