| SARS-CoV (1–2) |
Initiates by the attachment of ACE2 glycoprotein to host receptors |
SARS-CoV-2: Lower CD4, CD8, NK cell counts, PD-1, Tim-3 on T cells, Phenotype change in monocytes, IP-10, MCP-3, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-2R, IL-1
 , IL-4, IL-18, GM-CSF, IL-2 and IFN-
|
Neutralising IgG antibodies that target internal N protein or external S glycoprotein (RBD) |
[74], [75]
|
| MERS-CoV |
Initiates by the attachment of a glycoprotein to host DPP4 receptor |
IFN-
 , IL-12, IL-17, IFN-
|
RBD of S protein |
[76] |
| EBOV |
Initiates by the attachment of glycoprotein to host receptors |
IL-1
 (high), TNF-
 (high), IL-6 (high), IL-1RA, sTNF-R (high), SIL-6R, MIP-1
 , MIP-1
 , Neopterin, SAA, NO2-, Cortisol, IL-10 |
Epitopes on the glycoprotein (RBD) |
[77], [78]
|
| DENV |
Initiates by glycoprotein E protein binding to DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin |
IFN-
 , IL-6, IL-15, TNF-
 , IL-1RA, CXCL8, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, M-CSF, G-CSF, ICAM-1, L-Selectin, P-Selectin, CD40, CD40L, Fas, FasL, TRAIL-R2, TRAIL-R3, RANK-L, C3a, IL-2R, TNF-R1 |
Envelope glycoprotein (non-neutralising antibodies may cause ADE) |
[79], [80]
|
| ZIKV |
Initiates by the attachment of the viral glycoprotein E protein to host receptors |
CXCL10, ST2/IL-1R4 |
IgM binds ZIKV pre-membrane and envelope glycoprotein |
[79], [81]
|
| HCV |
Initiates by E2 protein interacting with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans |
CD127+CD8+ T cells, CD127-CD8+ T cells, CD161+CD8+ T cells, PD-1, Regulatory CD4+ and CD8 T cells, IL-10, CXCR3, CXCR6 |
IgG binds HCV E1E2 envelope glycoprotein |
[82], [83], [84]
|
