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Requirement for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in TpCM-2 for support of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum Nichols long-term in vitro survival and multiplication. Triplicate parallel cultures at each serum concentration were monitored over three 7-day passages. (A) T. pallidum per culture, showing the culture yield and inoculum for the next passage at each time point. (B) Percent motility of T. pallidum. Values represent the mean ± SEM from three biological replicates.
