Hsieh 2012.

Study characteristics
Methods	Randomised block‐controlled trial Randomised using random numbers; stratification based on lesion side and motor deficit level Robot therapy (RT) was Bi‐Manu‐Track (allows forearm supination/pronation and wrist flexion/extension) with duration control of 3 groups (90–105 minutes) Repetitions were high or low intensity with high having twice the number of repetitions per unit time than lower Before RT, 5 minutes of mobilisation and afterwards 15–20 minutes of functional activities practice Control group had intensive standard therapy For this Cochrane Review, we only compared the 2 RT groups
Participants	54 participants in 3 study groups High RT: n = 18; mean age 56.5 (SD 10) years; 11 males; 28.7 (SD 13.7) months between stroke and randomisation Low RT: n = 18; mean age 52.2 (SD 12) years; 13 males; 23.3 (SD 15.4) months between stroke and randomisation No differences between these or other characteristics Participants were all > 6 months poststroke
Interventions	Intervention was RT All participants received a duration‐matched intervention for 90–105 minutes of therapy per day, for 5 days per week for 4 weeks Higher‐intensity RT: 600–800 repetitions of modes 1 and 2 for 15–20 minutes and 150–200 reps of mode 3 for 3–5 minutes Lower‐intensity RT: received half the number of repetitions as the higher‐intensity group
Outcomes	Upper extremity items of the FMA Medical Research Council Scale (muscle power scale 0–5) Motor Activity Log (amount of use and quality of movement) 4 physical domains on the SIS (strength, ADLs, mobility, and hand function) Pain (scale 0–10) Fatigue (scale 0–10) All measures were administered at baseline and immediately after intervention. The primary outcome was also administered 2 weeks after the treatment began
Notes	Authors provided mean and SDs for the post‐treatment Motor Activity Log (amount of use) and SIS hand function, as these were presented as change scores in the paper Conflict of interest: none Funding:  supported in part by the National Health Research Institutes (NHRI‐EX101‐9920PI and NHRI‐EX101‐10010PI), the National Science Council (NSC‐100‐2314‐B‐002‐008‐MY3 and NSC 99‐2314‐B‐182‐014‐MY3), and the Healthy Ageing Research Center at Chang Gung University (EMRPD1A0891) in Taiwan