TABLE 3. Proposed Framework Solution Summary for Combating COVID-19 Outbreak.

Problem	Proposed solution	Activities required	Issues may be faced	Blockchain for issues solutions
Interaction between staff and patients in the hospital. Delivering services.	Heterogenous and homogenous multi-robot collaboration to combat COVID-19.	•Avoiding stuff and patient interaction by: •Delivering goods and medical supplies •Spray disinfection •Replacing stuff in some jobs, such as cleaning and test patient body temperature.	•Malfunctioning •Centralization •Supervision •Scalability	Blockchain decentralized characteristic solves network partitioning, malfunctioning, and improves the scalability in multi-robot collaboration.
			•Navigation •Collision	Blockchain shares information of each robot; controlling multi-robot collaboration becomes easier while performing several tasks.
			•Navigation	Blockchain keeps updating each robot’s location and speed, so multi-robot collaboration delivers goods, foods, and medical supplies.
Interaction between people Monitoring people Delivering services	Heterogenous and homogenous multirobot collaboration to combat COVID-19 outbreak in the quarantine area.	•Detecting high body temperature and the absence of a mask. •Delivering goods and medical supplies. •Spray disinfection. •Broadcasting	•Malfunctioning •Centralization •Supervision	Blockchain decentralized solves multi-robot collaboration to improve supervising and malfunctioning robots.
			•Collision •Navigation	Blockchain shares robot location in real-time to control navigation and avoid collision during task performance of multi-robot collaboration.
			•Collision •Navigation •Trajectory planning	Blockchain shares each robot information with others for delivering goods, foods, medical supplies.
			•A robot cannot reach inside the customer room	Blockchain shares robot information with IoT devices in the smart hospital, so robots can automatically deliver patient beds or desks.