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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 25.
Published in final edited form as: Travel Behav Soc. 2020 Mar 5;20:74–82. doi: 10.1016/j.tbs.2020.02.008
Car Ride Taxi Walking or Biking No Travel
Choice model: Structural equations
Est SE p Est SE p Est SE p Est SE p Est SE p
ASC −0.23 1.33 0.86 −2.18 1.56 0.16 −1.20 1.83 0.51 −0.07 1.28 0.96
Speed 0.33 0.26 0.20 0.45 0.21 <0.05 0.63 0.33 0.05 0.30 0.26 0.26 N/A
Speed Missing 1.28 1.30 0.32 2.20 1.23 0.07 N/A 0.29 1.12 0.79 N/A
Inexpense 0.33 0.22 0.13 0.30 0.24 0.21 0.13 0.25 0.59 0.40 0.49 0.41 N/A
Inexpense Missing 2.85 1.16 <0.05 1.91 1.34 0.15 N/A 2.73 2.34 0.24 N/A
Age
 <21 1.07 0.66 0.10 Ref Ref Ref Ref
 21-<35 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 35-<50 0.43 0.39 0.27 Ref Ref Ref Ref
 50+ −0.43 0.69 0.54 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Female vs. Male --- --- --- --- ---
Non-white vs. white 0.55 0.34 0.11 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Hispanic vs. Non-hispanic −0.09 0.34 0.79 Ref Ref Ref Ref
College + vs. <College --- --- --- --- ---
Binge drinking
 Never Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 <Monthly 0.49 0.39 0.21 Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Monthly+ 0.90 0.49 0.06 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Number of drinks −0.27 0.09 <0.001 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Drinks missing −0.88 0.71 0.21 Ref Ref Ref Ref
Perception of high arrest likelihood vs. not --- --- --- --- ---
Walk Score® 0.02 0.01 0.16 Ref 0.01 0.02 0.38 0.02 0.01 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.08
County urbanicity/rurality --- --- --- --- ---
Attitude 1.10 0.34 <0.001 0.67 0.16 <0.001 0.84 0.37 <0.05 0.56 0.28 0.05 0.86 0.17 <0.001
Latent variable model: Structural equations
Constant 1.33 0.31 <0.001 2.82 0.28 <0.001 2.29 0.27 <0.001 1.16 0.21 <0.001 3.65 0.43 <0.001
Age
 <21 −1.23 0.37 <0.001 --- −0.44 0.24 0.07 --- ---
 21-<35 Ref --- Ref --- ---
 35-<50 0.23 0.31 0.46 --- 0.48 0.19 <0.05 --- ---
 50+ 1.57 0.45 <0.001 --- −0.21 0.29 0.47 --- ---
Female vs. Male --- 0.40 0.20 <0.05 --- −0.39 0.19 0.05 ---
Non-white vs. white --- 0.52 0.21 <0.05 --- −0.41 0.19 <0.05 ---
Hispanic vs. Non-hispanic --- 0.42 0.20 <0.05 --- 0.11 0.19 0.57 ---
College+ vs. <College −0.56 0.25 <0.05 --- −0.25 0.16 0.13 --- −0.56 0.25 <0.05
County urbanicity/rurality 0.25 0.13 0.05 --- −0.10 0.07 0.16 --- −0.23 0.10 <0.05
Binge drinking
 Never Ref --- Ref --- ---
 <Monthly −0.14 0.27 0.61 --- 0.29 0.17 0.08 --- ---
 Monthly+ −0.39 0.31 0.21 --- 0.48 0.22 <0.05 --- ---
Past year drinking and driving vs. not 1.36 0.37 <0.001 --- --- --- ---
Perception of high arrest likelihood vs. not --- 0.42 0.19 <0.05 0.40 0.15 <0.05 0.50 0.23 <0.05 0.55 0.23 <0.05
σ 0.77 0.13 <0.001 0.55 0.11 <0.001 0.18 0.12 0.13 0.56 0.15 <0.001 0.67 0.11 <0.001
Latent variable model: Measurement
Indicator 1: Convenience
λ1 1 1 1 1 1
τ1,2 1.02 0.14 <0.001 1.71 0.21 <0.001 2.13 0.18 <0.001 2.08 0.25 <0.001 1.50 0.20 <0.001
τ1,3 2.63 0.27 <0.001 3.86 0.31 <0.001 3.80 0.23 <0.001 3.54 0.38 <0.001 3.57 0.31 <0.001
Indicator 2: Safety
λ2 0.97 0.15 <0.001 1.95 0.35 <0.001 1.96 0.27 <0.001 2.24 1.16 0.05 1.93 0.48 <0.001
τ2,2 1.59 0.20 <0.001 2.05 0.46 <0.001 1.52 0.27 <0.001 3.57 1.35 <0.05 1.71 0.47 <0.001
τ2,3 3.61 0.35 <0.001 6.21 0.94 <0.001 4.87 0.58 <0.001 6.38 2.31 <0.05 5.58 1.19 <0.001

NOTES:

--- indicates not included; and

N/A indicates not applicable.