Car | Ride | Taxi | Walking or Biking | No Travel | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Choice model: Structural equations | |||||||||||||||
Est | SE | p | Est | SE | p | Est | SE | p | Est | SE | p | Est | SE | p | |
ASC | −0.23 | 1.33 | 0.86 | −2.18 | 1.56 | 0.16 | −1.20 | 1.83 | 0.51 | −0.07 | 1.28 | 0.96 | |||
Speed | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.45 | 0.21 | <0.05 | 0.63 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.26 | N/A | ||
Speed Missing | 1.28 | 1.30 | 0.32 | 2.20 | 1.23 | 0.07 | N/A | 0.29 | 1.12 | 0.79 | N/A | ||||
Inexpense | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.59 | 0.40 | 0.49 | 0.41 | N/A | ||
Inexpense Missing | 2.85 | 1.16 | <0.05 | 1.91 | 1.34 | 0.15 | N/A | 2.73 | 2.34 | 0.24 | N/A | ||||
Age | |||||||||||||||
<21 | 1.07 | 0.66 | 0.10 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
21-<35 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
35-<50 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.27 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
50+ | −0.43 | 0.69 | 0.54 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Female vs. Male | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||||||||||
Non-white vs. white | 0.55 | 0.34 | 0.11 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Hispanic vs. Non-hispanic | −0.09 | 0.34 | 0.79 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
College + vs. <College | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||||||||||
Binge drinking | |||||||||||||||
Never | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||
<Monthly | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.21 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Monthly+ | 0.90 | 0.49 | 0.06 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Number of drinks | −0.27 | 0.09 | <0.001 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Drinks missing | −0.88 | 0.71 | 0.21 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||||
Perception of high arrest likelihood vs. not | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||||||||||
Walk Score® | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.16 | Ref | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | ||
County urbanicity/rurality | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||||||||||
Attitude | 1.10 | 0.34 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.84 | 0.37 | <0.05 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.86 | 0.17 | <0.001 |
Latent variable model: Structural equations | |||||||||||||||
Constant | 1.33 | 0.31 | <0.001 | 2.82 | 0.28 | <0.001 | 2.29 | 0.27 | <0.001 | 1.16 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 3.65 | 0.43 | <0.001 |
Age | |||||||||||||||
<21 | −1.23 | 0.37 | <0.001 | --- | −0.44 | 0.24 | 0.07 | --- | --- | ||||||
21-<35 | Ref | --- | Ref | --- | --- | ||||||||||
35-<50 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.46 | --- | 0.48 | 0.19 | <0.05 | --- | --- | ||||||
50+ | 1.57 | 0.45 | <0.001 | --- | −0.21 | 0.29 | 0.47 | --- | --- | ||||||
Female vs. Male | --- | 0.40 | 0.20 | <0.05 | --- | −0.39 | 0.19 | 0.05 | --- | ||||||
Non-white vs. white | --- | 0.52 | 0.21 | <0.05 | --- | −0.41 | 0.19 | <0.05 | --- | ||||||
Hispanic vs. Non-hispanic | --- | 0.42 | 0.20 | <0.05 | --- | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.57 | --- | ||||||
College+ vs. <College | −0.56 | 0.25 | <0.05 | --- | −0.25 | 0.16 | 0.13 | --- | −0.56 | 0.25 | <0.05 | ||||
County urbanicity/rurality | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.05 | --- | −0.10 | 0.07 | 0.16 | --- | −0.23 | 0.10 | <0.05 | ||||
Binge drinking | |||||||||||||||
Never | Ref | --- | Ref | --- | --- | ||||||||||
<Monthly | −0.14 | 0.27 | 0.61 | --- | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.08 | --- | --- | ||||||
Monthly+ | −0.39 | 0.31 | 0.21 | --- | 0.48 | 0.22 | <0.05 | --- | --- | ||||||
Past year drinking and driving vs. not | 1.36 | 0.37 | <0.001 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||||||||
Perception of high arrest likelihood vs. not | --- | 0.42 | 0.19 | <0.05 | 0.40 | 0.15 | <0.05 | 0.50 | 0.23 | <0.05 | 0.55 | 0.23 | <0.05 | ||
σ | 0.77 | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.55 | 0.11 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.56 | 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.11 | <0.001 |
Latent variable model: Measurement | |||||||||||||||
Indicator 1: Convenience | |||||||||||||||
λ1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
τ1,2 | 1.02 | 0.14 | <0.001 | 1.71 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 2.13 | 0.18 | <0.001 | 2.08 | 0.25 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 0.20 | <0.001 |
τ1,3 | 2.63 | 0.27 | <0.001 | 3.86 | 0.31 | <0.001 | 3.80 | 0.23 | <0.001 | 3.54 | 0.38 | <0.001 | 3.57 | 0.31 | <0.001 |
Indicator 2: Safety | |||||||||||||||
λ2 | 0.97 | 0.15 | <0.001 | 1.95 | 0.35 | <0.001 | 1.96 | 0.27 | <0.001 | 2.24 | 1.16 | 0.05 | 1.93 | 0.48 | <0.001 |
τ2,2 | 1.59 | 0.20 | <0.001 | 2.05 | 0.46 | <0.001 | 1.52 | 0.27 | <0.001 | 3.57 | 1.35 | <0.05 | 1.71 | 0.47 | <0.001 |
τ2,3 | 3.61 | 0.35 | <0.001 | 6.21 | 0.94 | <0.001 | 4.87 | 0.58 | <0.001 | 6.38 | 2.31 | <0.05 | 5.58 | 1.19 | <0.001 |
NOTES:
--- indicates not included; and
N/A indicates not applicable.