| 1 |
Social media approaches |
Based on using data from social media posts in combination with AI. |
COVIDSens [34]
|
High chance of false positives due to hoax social media posts. |
| 2 |
Smartphone applications |
Usually involves the installation of a tracker application on smartphone. Users can be notified if they are near a potential risk patient. |
TraceTogether [41], Corona-warn-app [42], Aarogya-Setu [43]. |
Privacy concers are still a huge challenge. |
| 3 |
Drones |
During pandemics drones can be used to deliver goods and services. Drones can also be used in combination with a loudspeaker to propagate social distancing guidelines to communities. |
India [44], Spain [38]
|
Device travel range and battery life still remain critical. Privacy concerns regarding being monitored by drones. |
| 4 |
Smart city and ITS |
Data-driven approach using AI and data provided by smart city and ITS infrastructure to guide traffic and minimize large crowds through smart scheduling. |
Smart city drone monitoring [45], smart packing and traffic re-routing. |
Security, privacy and policies regarding the collection of data from public infrastructure. |
| 5 |
AI and Big data |
IoT hardware deployed in communities and also embedded in smartphones can provide essential big data necessary for developing social distancing AI systems. |
Crowd hot spot identification in a city. Tracing and limiting movement of infected individuals with the general population [46]
|
May require large amounts of classified and labeled data to be effective. |
| 6 |
Remote meetings |
Providing an alternative to meeting in person against social distancing guidelines. This approach makes use of a network of smart IoT devices and application packages to enable virtual meetings from multiple locations. |
Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet, Cisco Webex [39]
|
Requires a solid internet connection and users need to familiarize themselves with the application packages. |
| 7 |
Wearable smart devices |
This involves wearing a smart device to provide localization and tracking of people around the user. Thermal sensing technology can also be incorporated to detect potential COVID-19 symptoms in a crowd. |
Crowd and risk warning systems [40]
|
Ethical and safety requirements of wearable health devices. |
