| Wi-Fi [20], [51], [53], [55], [59], [168]
|
Typically up to 50 m indoors and 100 m outdoors [164]
|
1–5 m [54]
|
Low |
Low |
High |
Indoor |
Mobile phones, smart home, smart city [66], [168]
|
| Cellular [86], [87], [90], [93], [97]
|
Short to Long |
Less than 50 cm [77]
|
High |
Low to High |
High |
Both |
Smartphone, Smartwatch, Mobile phones [226], Intelligent Transportation Systems [213], [220], [221]
|
| Ultra- wideband [121]–[124], [128], [129], [131], [132]
|
Short to Medium |
Less than 10 cm [121], [122], [128]
|
Medium |
High |
Medium |
Both |
Smartphone [131], Smart industry [121]–[123], Public transport management [124], Commercial vehicles [121], [124]
|
| Bluetooth [103], [105], [108], [111]–[116], [168]
|
Outdoor: 55–78 m. Office: 15–19 m. Home: 26–35 m [165]
|
1–2 m [114]
|
Low |
Low |
High |
Both |
Mobile phones, smart home, smart city [113], [117], [168]
|
| Zigbee [159], [162], [163], [168]
|
Up to 300+ m (line of sight). Up to 100 m indoor [160]
|
3–5 m [159]
|
Low to Medium |
Low |
Low |
Indoor |
Mobile phones, smart home, smart city [171]–[173]
|
| GNSS [136], [138]–[140], [142]–[144], [146]–[149]
|
World-wide coverage |
Outdoor less than 10 cm [141], indoor inm |
High |
Medium |
High |
Outdoor |
Mobile phones [217], [219], [224], Intelligent Transportation Systems [213], [214]
|
| RFID [150], [152], [154], [168]
|
Active: 100 m or more. Passive: 10 m [166]
|
Less than 1 m [152]
|
Low to Medium |
Low |
Medium |
Indoor |
Mobile phones, smart home, smart city [169], [170]
|
