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. 2020 Jul 6;8:127190–127219. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3007064

TABLE 5. Steps for Customer Order Fulfillment.

No. Operation Step(s) Req. # Manual Automated Ease of Automation
1 Receive Goods Receive pallets from delivery truck 1.1 Human Operator + Fork Lift Autonomous Truck Unloading System Difficult (Uncommon but Emerging application area)
Store pallets in warehouse 1.2 Human Operator + Fork Lift Autonomous Forklift System Medium (Emerging application area)
2 Depalletize Retrieve pallets from warehouse 2.1 Human Operator + Fork Lift Autonomous Forklift System Medium (Emerging application area)
Unwrap plastic covers 2.2 Human uses sharp instrument to remove shrink wrap and other plastic covering on a pallet. This is a non-trivial task for a robot* Medium (Automated solutions exist)
Transfer pallet to depalletizing work-cell 2.3 Human Operator + Fork Lift Autonomous Forklift System Medium (Emerging application area)
Depalletize 2.4 Human Operator depalletizes pallet into individual boxes Robotic Depalletizer Easy (Mature Technology)
3 Make items Available for Picking Open box 3.1 Human uses sharp instrument to open up box This is a non-trivial task for a robot* Medium (Automated solutions exist)
Place item in store shelf or RDS tote 3.2 Human operator places items on store shelf Robotic pick and place (Robot transfers items from box into RDS tote) Easy (Mature Technology)
Transfer and place tote in RDS work-cell 3.3 Not applicable Tote is conveyed to and positioned inside work-cell using typical conveyor system or AGV Easy (Mature Technology)
4 Pick Order Identify items to be picked 4.1 Order-picker browses list of items in order Robot receives order from order management system. Easy
Go to next item on list 4.2 Order-picker goes to store shelf with item Tote with next item indexes in front of robot Easy (Mature Technology)
Find item 4.3 Order-picker finds item on store shelf Robotic machine vision identifies within pile of items,an item with an easy to grab surface Medium
Pick item 4.4 Order-picker picks item Robotic gripper picks item Medium
Place item 4.5 Order-picker places item in bag Robot places item in order box Easy (Mature Technology)
5 Pack Order Close order box 5.1 Order-picker closes bag Box sealer closes order box Easy (Mature Technology)
6 Deliver Order Deliver order box OR Dispense order box 6.1 Delivery operator delivers order Dispensing mechanism drops order box on pick -up platform Easy (Mature Technology)
Customer picks order 6.2 Customer picks order at door step Customer picks order box from drive through window Not Applicable
6.3 Not Applicable Drive-through-pick-up platform self-disinfects Easy