Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics of the studies.
| Author (time) | Category | Sample | Author (time) | Category | Sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odusami (2003) | (Y, J, W) | 60 | Xiang Ding (2017) | (Y, J, E) | 162 |
| Ralf Müller (2007) | (Y, J, W) | 400 | Yang Liu (2017) | (Y, T, E) | 152 |
| Arago'n-Correa (2007) | (Y, J, E) | 408 | Amin Akhavan (2017) | (N, J, W) | 470 |
| Anne Nederveen (2010) | (Y, J, E) | 2 | Yanchun Zhang (2018) | (Y, J, E) | 251 |
| Liu Xiaoyu (2011) | (N, J, E) | 450 | Jingting Shao (2018) | (Y, J, E) | 79 |
| Li-Ren Yang (2011) | (Y, J, E) | 213 | Lianying Zhang (2018) | (Y, J, E) | 365 |
| Kun-Shan Wu (2012) | (N, J, E) | 106 | Mustafa Raziq (2018) | (Y, J, W) | 248 |
| García-Morales (2012) | (Y, J, E) | 168 | Jae-Seung Hwang (2018) | (Y, J, E) | 105 |
| Susanne Braun (2012) | (Y, J, W) | 360 | Danting Li (2019) | (N, T, E) | 201 |
| Panagiotis Trivellas (2013) | (N, J, E) | 97 | Manandhar Sunitha (2019) | (N, J, E) | 200 |
| Huey-Wen Chou (2013) | (Y, J, W) | 92 | Floris (2019) | (Y, J, W) | 37 |
| John Kissi (2013) | (Y, J, E) | 112 | Li Danting (2019) | (N, T, E) | 201 |
| Muredeni Liphadzi (2015) | (N, J, E) | 110 | Doan (2020) | (N, T, W) | 325 |
| Assefa Aga (2016) | (Y, J, W) | 224 | Hassan Shah (2020) | (Y, T, E) | 150 |
| Zhang Lian-Ying (2016) | (N, J, E) | 237 | Jabran Khan (2020) | (N, J, W) | 256 |
| Aga (2016) | (Y, J, E) | 200 |
Note. Y: the existence of mediating variables; N: the absence of mediating variables; W: Western culture; W: Eastern culture; J: journal; T: thesis.