Figure.

Dot plots comparing individual Plasmodium falciparum antibody responses in participants with different severities of COVID-19

513 patients with COVID-19 were included in this one-way ANOVA comparing mean ranks (Kruskal-Wallis test) across the illness spectrum associated with COVID-19 symptoms (195 asymptomatic, 213 mild, 42 moderate, and 63 severe or critical cases). An overall significant mean-rank difference was found within the four groups (p<0·0001 for all six antigens). Horizontal lines (whiskers) represent median (IQR) fluorescent intensities. p values from adjusted multiple comparisons between categories of COVID-19 severity and the asymptomatic group are shown. AMA-1=apical membrane antigen 1. Etramp5.Ag1=early-transcribed membrane protein. GEXP18=gametocyte-exported protein. GLURP.R2=glutamate-rich protein region 2. MSP1.19=merozoite surface protein 1.19. Rh2.2030=reticulocyte-binding protein homologue.