Table 3.

Detailed countermeasures for risk communication.

No.	Recommendations for risk communication
1	Strategies and processes of risk communication need to be implemented well in advance of an actual crisis; risk communication should be integrated into all aspects of the response, whether it is about tracing the contact or caring for the sick (JCIH Editorial Team 2020);
2	Researchers should participate in media debates responsibly to disclose conflicts of interest, ensure accountability, and opt for an inclusive framing. The recognition and proper risk communication for uncertainty are also important to reduce fear mongering or risk underestimation (Kambakamba et al., 2020);
3	Monitoring, infodemiology, infoveillance, and social listening (Eysenbach, 2020);
4	Try to make those communications even better; risk communication research will lead to a way the population can understand (Garcia and Duarte, 2020; Biddlestone et al., 2020; Rahn, 2020);
5	Pay attention to framing and content associated with message texts, including language, clarity, and ability to engage; origins of the information, including official and unofficial sources; features of the platform and its audiences; as well as the timing of messages; the volume of messages, including numbers of messages initiated and re-messaged; influence of amplifiers and detractors on platforms, including autonomous social media bots (Schillinger et al., 2020);
6	Interventions and messages must be based on science and evidence, enabling them to make informed decisions on protecting themselves and their communities in a health crisis; knowledge should be reorganized into actionable behavior-change messages, delivered in ways that are comprehensible and accessible to all individuals (Tangcharoensathien et al., 2020);
7	Write down questions or rumors and go back to our risk communications colleagues, and then they help us find evidence-based answers (Zarocostas, 2020);
8	Be honest to what you do not know; listen to the community with patience about their fears and perceptions; manage rumors and infodemic timely (Vaezi and Javanmard, 2020);
9	Develop scales for risk assessment; (Chaitow, 2020; Chatterjee et al., 2020)
10	Visual content should be designed or chosen with care to ensure the persuasiveness during the crisis (King and Lazard, 2020);
11	Find influential accounts and names to fight against misinformation (Ahmed et al., 2020);
12	Health messages need to be delivered in a calm and effective manner; use an empathic communicating style; design strategies for different groups of people based on their unique communication preference (Mheidly and Fares, 2020; Scerri and Grech, 2020);
13	Control time on social media with related COVID-19 news, share stories of altruistic behavior and celebrate the work done by COVID-19 warriors; Stay away from social media and with family and friends and use face-to-face communication (Sasidharan et al., 2020; Pathak et al., 2020);
14	Stop sharing bad news to patients and family members, and focus on the emotions, and use non-judgmental listening (Reddy and Gupta, 2020);
15	Apply inoculation theory to the containment of misinformation (van der Linden et al., 2020);
16	Ensure good information, safe access, critical assessment, a strong business model, and accountable institutions during the risk communication during the pandemic (Robie and Krishnamurthi, 2020).