Table 1. Characteristics of the 17 Included Studies.
| Study | Location | Study Period | Study Design | Patients | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prospective | Multicenter | Consecutive Enrollment | Inclusion Criteria | No. of Patients with Neuroimaging | Neuroimaging Studies | Critically Ill Patients (%) | |||
| Abenza-Abildúa et al. [32] | Spain | Jan. 1, 2020 to June 1, 2020 | No | No | Yes | COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU with neurologic symptoms | 30 | CT and/or MRI | 30/30 (100) |
| Agarwal et al. [27] | US | Mar. 1, 2020 to May 10, 2020 | No | No | Not reported | COVID-19 patients who underwent MRI | 115 | MRI | - |
| Chougar et al. [33] | France | Mar. 23, 2020 to May 7, 2020 | No | No | Yes | COVID-19 patients with neurologic symptoms referred for brain MRI | 73 | MRI | 35/73 (48) |
| Eliezer et al. [34] | France | Mar. 23, 2020 to Apr. 27, 2020 | Yes | No | Not reported | COVID-19 patients presenting with olfactory function loss | 20 | MRI | - |
| Freeman et al. [28] | US | Mar. 1, 2020 to June 18, 2020 | No | No | Yes | COVID-19 patients who underwent brain MRI | 59 | MRI | - |
| Grewal et al. [29] | US | Mar. 4, 2020 to May 9, 2020 | No | No | Yes | COVID-19 patients with acute ischemic stroke | 13 | CT and/or MRI | 8/13 (62) |
| Hernández-Fernández et al. [35] | Spain | Mar. 1, 2020 to Apr. 19, 2020 | No | No | Yes | COVID-19 patients with cerebrovascular disease | 23 | CT with/ without MRI | - |
| Kandemirli et al. [36] | Turkey | Mar. 1, 2020 to Apr. 18, 2020 | No | Yes | Not reported | COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU with neurologic symptoms referred for brain MRI | 27 | MRI | 27/27 (100) |
| Klironomos et al. [7] | Sweden | Mar. 2, 2020 to May 24, 2020 | No | No | Yes | COVID-19 patients who underwent neuroimaging | 185 | CT and/or MRI | - |
| Kremer et al. [8] | France | Mar. 16, 2020 to Apr. 9, 2020 | No | Yes | Not reported | COVID-19 patients with neurologic symptoms referred for brain MRI | 64 | MRI | - |
| Lin et al. [9] | US | Mar. 4, 2020 to May 9, 2020 | No | Yes | Yes | COVID-19 patients who underwent neuroimaging | 278 | CT and/or MRI | 92/278 (33) |
| Nawabi et al. [37] | Germany, Switzerland, France | Feb. 16, 2020 to May 19, 2020 | No | Yes | Yes | COVID-19 patients with intracranial hemorrhage | 18 | CT with/ without MRI | 15/18 (83) |
| Paterson et al. [10] | UK | Apr. 9, 2020 to May 15, 2020 | No | No | Not reported | COVID-19 patients with neurologic complications | 43 | CT and/or MRI | - |
| Radmanesh et al. [30] | US | Apr. 5, 2020 to Apr. 25, 2020 | No | No | Not reported | Critically ill COVID- patients with COVID-19-associated diffuse leukoencephalopathy and microhemorrhages | 27* | MRI | 27/27 (100) |
| Radmanesh et al. [11] | US | Mar. 1, 2020 to Mar. 31, 2020 | No | No | Yes | COVID-19 patients who underwent neuroimaging | 242 | CT and/or MRI | - |
| Scullen et al. [31] | US | Not reported † | No | No | Not reported | COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU with new-onset neurologic disease | 27 | CT and/or MRI | 27/27 (100) |
| Yoon et al. [12] | US | Mar. 3, 2020 to May 6, 2020 | No | No | Not reported | COVID-19 patients with acute neurologic symptoms referred for neuroimaging | 150 | CT and/or MRI | - |
*Although the authors finally included 11 patients who showed COVID-19-associated diffuse leukoencephalopathy and microhemorrhages, they reported neuroimaging findings of 27 patients who underwent brain MRI, †The authors included patients admitted to ICU on April 22, 2020. COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, ICU = intensive care unit