Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Oct 25;12:6166. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26393-7

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3 — a The bio-ISRU production of 2,3-BDO is composed of four modules: (1) Cyanobacterial cultivation in photobioreactors or biofilm growth (shaded green), (2) Cyanobacteria biomass preprocessing composed of biomass concentration via membrane filtration and enzymatic digestion in a stirred tank (shaded blue), (3) Microbial fermentation of the cyanobacterial glucose to produce 2,3-BDO (shaded gray), (4) 2,3-BDO extraction and separation via sequential liquid–liquid extraction and membrane separation to achieve 95% purity (shaded purple). Chemical formula: Red Martian resources. Blue chemicals made on Mars. b Rendering of what the bio-ISRU for 2,3-BDO process might look like on Mars, with a Mars Ascent Vehicle included for scale. The cyanobacterial cultivation module makes up the majority of the material and land footprints.