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. 2021 Oct 25;12:6166. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26393-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Schematic of cyanobacteria growth systems (green) and payload mass broken down into nutrients (orange), frame (red) and material (brown): a Suspended growth: cyanobacteria grown in photobioreactors (0.3 mm-thick low-density polyethylene, LDPE) filled with water; b Biofilm growth: cyanobacteria grown in a thin film on a porous substrate (0.3 mm thick cotton fabric); c Open pond: cyanobacteria grown open to the atmosphere. Not evaluated for use on Mars. d Cyanobacteria biomass productivity, water use and power requirement for biofilm and suspended growth. Results are based on 10 tons of 2,3-BDO produced over 500 sols. Source data underlying a, b, and d are provided as a Source Data file.