TABLE 4.
Planned analyses in the Mothers, Infant, and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study
| Analyte Category | Analytes | Milk | Blood | Urine | Stool | Method | Ref.1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fat-soluble | Vitamin A | X | XP | HPLC-MWL | (31) | ||
| vitamins and carotenoids | Vitamin E | ||||||
| α-carotene | |||||||
| β-carotene | |||||||
| β-cryptoxanthin | |||||||
| Lycopene | |||||||
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | |||||||
| Ergocalciferol (D2) | X | XP | UPLC-MS/MS | ||||
| Cholecalciferol (D3) | CPBA | (32) | |||||
| 25-OH-D2 | |||||||
| 25-OH-D3 | |||||||
| Water-soluble vitamins | Thiamin (B-1) | X | XR | HPLC-FLD | (33) | ||
| Thiamin monophosphate (B-1) | |||||||
| Thiamin diphosphate (B-1) | |||||||
| Riboflavin (B-2) | X | XP,R | UPLC-MS/MS | (27) | |||
| FAD (B-2) | |||||||
| FMN (B2) | |||||||
| Nicotinamide (B3) | |||||||
| Nicotinic acid (B-3) | |||||||
| Nicotinamide mononucleotide (B-3) | |||||||
| NAD (B-3) | |||||||
| NAD(P) (B-3) | |||||||
| Nicotinamide riboside (B-3) | |||||||
| Tryptophan (amino acid, B-3-related) | |||||||
| Pantothenic acid (B-5) | |||||||
| Pyridoxal (B-6) | |||||||
| Pyridoxine (B-6) | |||||||
| Pyridoxamine (B-6) | |||||||
| Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (B-6) | |||||||
| Biotin (B-7) | |||||||
| Folic acid (B-9) | |||||||
| 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (B-9) | CPBA2 | (34) | |||||
| Cobalamin (B-12) | X | XP | CPBA | (28, 35) | |||
| Choline and related | Choline | X | XP | UPLC-MS/MS | (36) | ||
| metabolites | Phosphocholine | ||||||
| Glycerophospho choline | |||||||
| Betaine | |||||||
| Carnitine | |||||||
| Creatinine | |||||||
| Dimethylglycine | |||||||
| Methionine | |||||||
| Trimethylamine N-oxide | |||||||
| B-12 biomarkers | Methylmalonic acid | XP | UPLC-MS/MS | (37) | |||
| Homocysteine | XP | HPLC-FLD | (38) | ||||
| Minerals and | Iron | X | XP | ICP-MS | (39) | ||
| trace elements | Copper | ||||||
| Zinc | |||||||
| Selenium | |||||||
| Sodium | |||||||
| Potassium | |||||||
| Magnesium | |||||||
| Calcium | |||||||
| Iodine status | Iodine | X | X | ICP-MS | (40) | ||
| Thyroglobulin | XDBS | ELISA | (41) | ||||
| Thyroid-stimulated hormone | |||||||
| Total thyroxine | |||||||
| Macronutrients | Protein | X | NIR-spectroscopy | (42) | |||
| Fat | |||||||
| Carbohydrates | |||||||
| Glycomics | Human milk oligosaccharides3 | X | HPLC Chip/TOF-MS | (43) | |||
| Human milk proteomics4 | X | UPLC-QqQ-MS | (44) | ||||
| Metabolomics | Biocrates MxP® QUANT 5003 | X | XP | UPLC-MS/MS | (45) | ||
| Inflammation markers | α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) | XP | CPBA | (46) | |||
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | (47) | ||||||
| IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-33, TNF-α, IFN-γ | X | X | MSD immunoassay plates | (48) | |||
| Iron status | Soluble transferrin receptors | XP | CPBA | (49) | |||
| Ferritin | (50) | ||||||
| Hormones | Leptin, insulin, and adiponectin | X | X | MSD immunoassay plates | (48) | ||
| Genetics | Single nucleotide polymorphism | XB | GWAS | (51) | |||
| CpG methylation patterns | XB | EWAS | (52) | ||||
| Microbiome | Microbial community | X | 16s RNA sequencing | (53) | |||
| X | Shotgun metagenomics | (54) | |||||
| Transcriptomics | mRNA transcriptome | XRNA | RNA seq | (55, 56) |
Analyzed in: Bbuffy coat, DBSdried blood spots, Pplasma, RRBCs, RNARNA.
1
References that describe methods used for the analysis or on which the nonpublished methods are based on: CPBA, competitive protein binding assay; EWAS, epigenome-wide association; FLD, fluorescence detection; GWAS, genome-wide associations; ICP, inductively coupled plasma MS/MS; MSD, Meso Scale Discovery; MWL, multi-wavelength detection; NIR, near infra red; QqQ-MS, triple quad MS; TOF, time of flight; UPLC, ultra-performance-LC.
2
Plasma folate is analyzed by CPBA.