Table 2.
Comparison between patients with- and without increased EAT activity.
| Variables | Increased EAT activity (n = 30) | Normal EAT activity (n = 53) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 66 ± 9 | 64 ± 12 | 0.315 |
| Male (%) | 19 (63) | 32 (60) | 0.790 |
| PsAF (%) | 21 (70) | 22 (42) | 0.013 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.9 ± 1.9 | 26.4 ± 3.6 | 0.463 |
| Blood glucose, mmol/L | 113.4 (100.8, 142.2) | 111.6 (102.6, 127.8) | 0.547 |
| Hypertension (%) | 15 (50) | 37 (70) | 0.073 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 9 (30) | 15 (28) | 0.870 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (%) | 7 (23) | 15 (28) | 0.622 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 11 (37) | 20 (38) | 0.549 |
| Stroke (%) | 8 (27) | 12 (23) | 0.680 |
| LA activity | 1.2 (1.0, 1.8) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 0.022 |
| LAA activity | 1.1 (1.0, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | <0.001 |
| RA activity | 1.6 (1.1, 1.9) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.4) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LAVI, ml/m2 | 30.9 (27.5, 34.5) | 26.2 (18.3, 32.7) | 0.006 |
| RA area, cm2 | 21.2 ± 5.0 | 18.8 ± 4.1 | 0.025 |
| LVEF (%) | 64.3 ± 6.4 | 66.4 ± 6.6 | 0.179 |
| Serum biomarkers | |||
| hsCRP, pg/mL | 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.3) | 0.209 |
| BNP, mg/L | 212.0 (83.7, 311.5) | 117.0 (33.0, 196.0) | 0.033 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.8 | 0.967 |
| IL-6, pg/ml | 6.3 (4.1, 9.1) | 5.6 (4.0, 7.7) | 0.471 |
| IL-8, pg/ml | 15.2 (6.7, 24.2) | 16.3 (8.2, 25.2) | 0.599 |
| IL-10, pg/ml | 11.7 ± 7.9 | 12.1 ± 7.3 | 0.900 |
| IL-18, pg/ml | 51.3 (35.2, 79.6) | 52.7 (36.9, 85.6) | 0.924 |
| TNF-α, pg/ml | 7.7 (3.3, 13.6) | 5.2 (2.3, 11.9) | 0.388 |
| Hsp27, ng/ml | 138.8 ± 38.4 | 140.4 ± 73.5 | 0.927 |
| Hsp60, ng/ml | 54.1 ± 20.5 | 51.4 ± 19.3 | 0.551 |
| Hsp70, ng/ml | 24.3 ± 11.3 | 23.1 ± 13.4 | 0.636 |
| TGF-β1, ng/ml | 8.5 (6.9, 10.9) | 8.8 (6.3, 10.5) | 0.583 |
| PDGF-BB, ng/ml | 3.2 (2.6, 4.4) | 3.4 (2.6, 5.2) | 0.495 |
| sST2, ng/ml | 12.9 (10.0, 16.6) | 12.1 (7.6, 16.9) | 0.391 |
| Gal-3, ng/ml | 7.9 (5.9, 10.7) | 6.0 (5.0, 8.9) | 0.023 |
| MMP-2, ng/ml | 257.6 ± 90.7 | 239.1 ± 110.6 | 0.439 |
| MMP-9, ng/ml | 1263.9 ± 587.5 | 1075.5 ± 606.3 | 0.197 |
| MPO, ng/ml | 1305.9 ± 386.9 | 1105.8 ± 326.2 | 0.014 |
| Early recurrence* | 7 (32) | 7 (16) | 0.223 |
| Late recurrence* | 8 (36) | 9 (20) | 0.148 |
BMI, body mass index; LAVI, left atrium volume index; RA, right atrium; SUVmax, maximum standardized uptake value; EAT, epicardial adipose tissue.
*
Sixty-seven patients underwent follow-up, 22 with increased EAT activity and 45 without. The bold values are < 0.05.