Table 1.
Descriptive statistics comparing patients with and without PDR at 5 years after the index type 2 diabetes diagnosis
| Characteristics | PDR at 5 years | No PDR at 5 years | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size, n (%) | 1,249 (1.74) | 70,568 (98.26) | |
| Age at diagnosis, mean (SD) years | 61.6 (12.9) | 60.6 (13.9) | 0.013 |
| Male, n (%) | 680 (54.4) | 35,757 (50.7) | 0.008 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 775 (62.1) | 46,492 (65.9) | 0.005 |
| Black | 176 (14.1) | 8,909 (12.6) | 0.12 |
| Hispanic | 220 (17.6) | 10,287 (14.6) | 0.003 |
| Asian | 38 (3.0) | 2,610 (3.7) | 0.22 |
| Unknown | 40 (3.2) | 2,270 (3.2) | 0.98 |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| High school diploma or less | 451 (36.1) | 23,773 (33.7) | 0.07 |
| Some college | 657 (52.6) | 38,274 (54.2) | 0.25 |
| 4 year college degree or more | 141 (11.3) | 8,521 (12.1) | 0.40 |
| Income, n (%) | |||
| <$40,000 | 335 (26.8) | 17,819 (25.3) | 0.21 |
| $40,000–$49,000 | 96 (7.7) | 5,969 (8.5) | 0.33 |
| $50,000–$99,000 | 419 (33.6) | 22,439 (31.8) | 0.19 |
| $≥100,000 | 293 (23.5) | 17,983 (25.5) | 0.10 |
| Unknown | 106 (8.5) | 6,358 (9.0) | 0.52 |
| Medicare, n (%) | 522 (41.8) | 29,413 (41.7) | 0.94 |
| Private insurance product, n (%) | |||
| Exclusive provider organization | 89 (7.1) | 5,632 (8.0) | 0.27 |
| Health maintenance organization | 498 (39.9) | 24,463 (34.7) | <0.001 |
| Indemnity | 48 (3.8) | 2,506 (3.6) | 0.58 |
| Other | 148 (11.9) | 9,147 (13.0) | 0.25 |
| Point of service | 422 (33.8) | 25,961 (36.8) | 0.029 |
| Preferred provider organization | 44 (3.5) | 2,859 (4.1) | 0.35 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 695 (55.6) | 39,124 (55.5) | 0.90 |
| Dyslipidemia | 312 (25.0) | 18,078 (25.6) | 0.61 |
| DKA/HHS | 15 (1.2) | 275 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Renal disease | 84 (6.7) | 1,115 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Neurological disease | 70 (5.6) | 1,336 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral circulatory disorders | 28 (2.2) | 434 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Morbid obesity | 124 (9.9) | 9,005 (12.8) | 0.003 |
| Smoking | 157 (12.6) | 9,938 (14.1) | 0.13 |
| Other | 63 (5.0) | 939 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Insulin use, n (%) | 502 (40.2) | 9,445 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Max HbA1c, mean % (SD), mmol/mol | 8.7 (2.4), 72 | 7.6 (2.0), 60 | <0.001 |
The bold P values indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05). DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; HHS, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.