Table 2.
Independent factors associated with the incidence of PDR, NVG, and TRD within the first 5 years after the index type 2 diabetes diagnosis
| PDR (n = 1,249 [1.74%]) | TRD (n = 183 [0.25%]) | NVG (n = 102 [0.14%]) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | P value† | OR (95% CI) | P value† | OR (95% CI) | P value† |
| Age at diagnosis (vs. 45–54), years | ||||||
| 18–34 | 0.46 (0.29–0.74) | 0.001* | ||||
| 55–64 | 1.25 (1.05–1.48) | 0.012* | 3.66 (1.65–8.09) | 0.001* | ||
| 65–74 | 1.62 (1.28–2.03) | <0.001* | ||||
| ≥75 | 1.30 (1.00–1.68) | 0.048* | 3.97 (1.49–10.60) | 0.006* | ||
| Race/ethnicity (vs. White) | ||||||
| Black | 1.89 (1.09–3.26) | 0.023* | ||||
| Hispanic | 1.85 (1.11–3.10) | 0.019* | ||||
| Income >$100,000 (vs. $40,000–49,000) | 0.44 (0.20–0.97) | 0.041 | ||||
| Medicare | 0.60 (0.70–0.76) | <0.001* | ||||
| Smoking | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.045* | ||||
| Renal disease | 2.68 (2.09–3.42) | <0.001* | 2.46 (1.30–4.69) | 0.006* | 2.51 (1.17–5.40) | 0.018* |
| Neurological disease | 1.62 (1.24–2.11) | <0.001* | 2.90 (1.40–5.98) | 0.004 | ||
| Peripheral circulatory disorders | 1.88 (1.25–2.83) | 0.003* | ||||
| Morbid obesity | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) | 0.001* | ||||
| Insulin use | 3.59 (3.16–4.08) | <0.001* | 3.57 (2.57–4.96) | <0.001* | 2.30 (1.45–3.67) | <0.001* |
| Max HbA1c (vs. <6.5% or <48 mmol/mol) | ||||||
| 7.5% (58 mmol/mol)–9% (75 mmol/mol) | 1.59 (1.22–2.08) | 0.001* | ||||
| >9% (>75 mmol/mol) | 2.10 (1.64–2.69) | <0.001* | ||||
All variables were included in the regression analysis for each outcome, but only statistically significant results (i.e., independent factors) are displayed above for succinctness.
†
P values for all other covariates in the model, including sex, education level (4-year college vs. some college vs. high school or less), hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis/hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state were >0.05.
*
Also an independent factor at 2 years following diagnosis.