Table 1. Baseline characteristics of subjects who performed the SARS-CoV-2 testing in the Korean nationwide cohort (n = 74,244).
| Characteristics | Entire cohort | HSI-NAFLD | FLI-NAFLD | Claim-based NAFLD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (HSI < 36) | HIS ≥ 36 | None (FLI < 60) | FLI ≥ 60 | None | Claim-based NAFLD | ||||
| Total | 74,244 (100.0) | 48,203 (64.9) | 26,041 (35.1) | 54,299 (73.1) | 19,945 (26.9) | 65,317 (88.0) | 8,927 (12.0) | ||
| Age, yr | |||||||||
| 20–39 | 25,568 (34.4) | 17,712 (36.7) | 7,856 (30.2) | 22,275 (41.0) | 3,293 (16.5) | 23,904 (36.6) | 1,664 (18.6) | ||
| 40–59 | 27,182 (36.6) | 18,423 (38.2) | 8,759 (33.6) | 18,854 (34.7) | 8,328 (41.8) | 23,756 (36.4) | 3,426 (38.4) | ||
| ≥ 60 | 21,494 (29.0) | 12,068 (25.0) | 9,426 (36.2) | 13,170 (24.3) | 8,324 (41.7) | 17,657 (27.0) | 3,837 (43.0) | ||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 36,020 (48.5) | 27,642 (57.3) | 8,378 (32.2) | 24,670 (45.4) | 11,350 (56.9) | 31,253 (47.9) | 4,767 (53.4) | ||
| Female | 38,224 (51.5) | 20,561 (42.7) | 17,663 (67.8) | 29,629 (54.6) | 8,595 (43.1) | 34,064 (52.2) | 4,160 (46.6) | ||
| Region of residence | |||||||||
| Seoul capital area | 33,153 (44.7) | 21,634 (44.9) | 11,519 (44.2) | 24,538 (45.2) | 8,615 (43.2) | 29,315 (44.9) | 3,838 (43.0) | ||
| Daegu/Gyeongbuk area | 14,513 (19.6) | 9,522 (19.8) | 4,991 (19.2) | 10,589 (19.5) | 3,924 (19.7) | 12,554 (19.2) | 1,959 (21.9) | ||
| Other area | 26,578 (35.8) | 17,047 (35.4) | 9,531 (36.6) | 19,172 (35.3) | 7,406 (37.1) | 23,448 (35.9) | 3,130 (35.1) | ||
| History of tuberculosis | 1,533 (2.1) | 1,077 (2.2) | 456 (1.8) | 1,076 (2.0) | 457 (2.3) | 1,347 (2.1) | 186 (2.1) | ||
| History of stroke | 1,021 (1.4) | 568 (1.2) | 453 (1.7) | 592 (1.1) | 429 (2.2) | 885 (1.4) | 136 (1.5) | ||
| History of cardiovascular disease | 2,326 (3.1) | 1,318 (2.7) | 1,008 (3.9) | 1,356 (2.5) | 970 (4.9) | 1,942 (3.0) | 384 (4.3) | ||
| History of hypertension | 14,173 (19.1) | 7,442 (15.4) | 6,731 (25.9) | 8,685 (16.0) | 5,488 (27.5) | 11,312 (17.3) | 2,861 (32.1) | ||
| History of dyslipidemia | 5,255 (7.1) | 3,018 (6.3) | 2,237 (8.6) | 3,284 (6.1) | 1,971 (9.9) | 4,029 (6.2) | 1,226 (13.7) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 121.2 ± 14.8 | 120.1 ± 14.2 | 123.2 ± 15.5 | 120.1 ± 14.5 | 124.2 ± 14.9 | 120.7 ± 14.7 | 124.7 ± 14.9 | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 74.8 ± 10.0 | 74.5 ± 9.8 | 75.5 ± 10.3 | 74.4 ± 9.9 | 76.1 ± 10.0 | 74.6 ± 9.9 | 76.6 ± 10.1 | ||
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 99.4 ± 24.7 | 98.4 ± 23.4 | 101.3 ± 26.8 | 98.2 ± 23.6 | 102.7 ± 27.3 | 98.5 ± 23.5 | 106.5 ± 31.4 | ||
| Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min | |||||||||
| ≥ 90 | 39,590 (53.3) | 26,470 (54.9) | 13,120 (50.4) | 30,639 (56.4) | 8,951 (44.9) | 35,359 (54.1) | 4,231 (47.4) | ||
| 60–89 | 30,153 (40.6) | 19,233 (39.9) | 10,920 (41.9) | 20,718 (38.2) | 9,435 (47.3) | 26,265 (40.2) | 3,888 (43.5) | ||
| ≤ 59 | 4,501 (6.1) | 2,500 (5.2) | 2,001 (7.7) | 2,942 (5.4) | 1,559 (7.8) | 3,693 (5.7) | 808 (9.1) | ||
| Household income | |||||||||
| Low (0–39 percentile) | 20,865 (28.1) | 12,679 (26.3) | 8,186 (31.4) | 14,971 (27.6) | 5,894 (29.6) | 17,867 (27.4) | 2,998 (33.6) | ||
| Middle (40–79 percentile) | 32,640 (44.0) | 21,474 (44.6) | 11,166 (42.9) | 24,862 (45.8) | 7,778 (39.0) | 29,201 (44.7) | 3,439 (38.5) | ||
| High (80–100 percentile) | 20,739 (27.9) | 14,050 (29.2) | 6,689 (25.7) | 14,466 (26.6) | 6,273 (31.5) | 18,249 (27.9) | 2,490 (27.9) | ||
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Never smoker | 49,077 (66.1) | 29,490 (61.2) | 19,587 (75.2) | 36,848 (67.9) | 12,229 (61.3) | 43,599 (66.8) | 5,478 (61.4) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 12,063 (16.3) | 8,886 (18.4) | 3,177 (12.2) | 8,116 (15.0) | 3,947 (19.8) | 10,283 (15.7) | 1,780 (19.9) | ||
| Current smoker | 13,104 (17.7) | 9,827 (20.4) | 3,277 (12.6) | 93,335 (17.2) | 3,769 (18.9) | 11,435 (17.5) | 1,669 (18.7) | ||
| Alcoholic drinks, days per week | |||||||||
| < 1 | 46,984 (63.3) | 29,360 (60.9) | 17,624 (67.7) | 33,706 (62.1) | 13,278 (66.6) | 41,026 (62.8) | 5,958 (66.7) | ||
| 1–2 | 19,930 (26.8) | 13,906 (28.9) | 6,024 (23.1) | 15,311 (28.2) | 4,619 (23.2) | 17,897 (27.4) | 2,033 (22.8) | ||
| 3–4 | 5,929 (8.0) | 3,998 (8.3) | 1,931 (7.4) | 4,301 (7.9) | 1,628 (8.2) | 5,203 (8.0) | 726 (8.1) | ||
| ≥ 5 | 1,401 (1.9) | 939 (2.0) | 462 (1.8) | 981 (1.8) | 420 (2.1) | 1,191 (1.8) | 210 (2.4) | ||
| Sufficient aerobic activity | 29,281 (39.44) | 19,139 (39.7) | 10,142 (39.0) | 21,543 (39.7) | 7,738 (38.8) | 25,901 (39.7) | 3,380 (37.9) | ||
| Use of medication | |||||||||
| Medication for hypertension | 13,339 (18.0) | 6,950 (14.4) | 6,389 (24.5) | 8,124 (15.0) | 5,215 (26.2) | 10,591 (16.2) | 2,748 (30.8) | ||
| Medication for dyslipidemia | 4,382 (5.9) | 4,382 (5.9) | 2,401 (5.0) | 2,694 (5.0) | 1,688 (8.5) | 3,299 (5.1) | 1,083 (12.1) | ||
| Medication for diabetes mellitus | 5,955 (8.0) | 2,645 (5.5) | 3,310 (12.7) | 3,633 (6.7) | 2,322 (11.6) | 4,494 (6.9) | 1,461 (16.4) | ||
| Medication for cardiovascular disease | 2,126 (8.0) | 2,126 (8.0) | 1,192 (2.5) | 1,234 (2.3) | 892 (4.5) | 1,780 (2.7) | 346 (3.9) | ||
| NAFLD-related covariates | |||||||||
| History of diabetes mellitus | 6,379 (8.6) | 2,837 (5.9) | 3,542 (13.6) | 3,909 (7.2) | 2,470 (12.4) | 4,827 (7.4) | 1,552 (17.4) | ||
| Waist circumference, cm | 80.7 ± 12.6 | 79.0 ± 12.1 | 83.8 ± 13.0 | 79.9 ± 13.4 | 82.8 ± 9.8 | 80.1 ± 12.8 | 84.7 ± 10.5 | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||||||
| < 25 | 47,863 (64.5) | 36,020 (74.7) | 11,843 (45.5) | 35,782 (65.9) | 12,081 (60.6) | 43,330 (66.3) | 4,533 (50.8) | ||
| 25–30 | 21,865 (29.5) | 11,631 (24.1) | 10,234 (39.3) | 15,237 (28.1) | 6,628 (33.2) | 18,397 (28.2) | 3,468 (38.9) | ||
| ≥ 30 | 4,516 (6.1) | 552 (1.6) | 3,964 (15.2) | 3,280 (6.0) | 1,236 (6.2) | 3,590 (5.5) | 926 (10.4) | ||
| Serum triglyceride, mg/dL | 152.3 ± 81.5 | 154.6 ± 80.8 | 149.1 ± 83.9 | 136.2 ± 81.3 | 157.3 ± 82.7 | 152.0 ± 79.9 | 150.9 ± 92.7 | ||
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase, IU/L | 36.0 ± 55.4 | 33.9 ± 59.5 | 37.0 ± 52.9 | 34.2 ± 38.7 | 40.5 ± 60.2 | 33.6 ± 50.0 | 52.6 ± 83.2 | ||
| ALT, IU/L | 25.3 ± 26.4 | 27.6 ± 28.1 | 20.8 ± 22.0 | 24.6 ± 25.8 | 27.1 ± 27.7 | 25.2 ± 26.2 | 44.6 ± 40.0 | ||
| AST, IU/L | 5.7 ± 19.1 | 25.0 ± 16.3 | 27.0 ± 23.5 | 25.0 ± 18.0 | 27.7 ± 21.7 | 25.6 ± 18.9 | 38.3 ± 38.2 | ||
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, FLI = fatty liver index, HSI = hepatic steatosis index, NAFLD = non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase.