Table 5. Univariate and multivariate analysis for 28-day mortality of all HAP/VAP patients.
| Variables (n = 381) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age, yr | 1.009 (0.992–1.027) | 0.315 | |||
| Sex, male | 1.253 (0.779–2.015) | 0.352 | |||
| Co-morbidities | |||||
| Metastatic solid tumor | 1.711 (0.967–3.029) | 0.065 | |||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.143 (0.679–1.926) | 0.615 | |||
| DM with complications | 0.935 (0.287–3.044) | 0.911 | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.708 (0.346–1.449) | 0.344 | |||
| CHF/ischemic heart disease | 0.821 (0.385–1.751) | 0.609 | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.677 (0.744–3.781) | 0.217 | |||
| Mod to severe liver disease | 2.448 (0.945–6.338) | 0.065 | |||
| Modified CCI score | 1.082 (1.003–1.168) | 0.042 | |||
| Reason for ICU admission | |||||
| Acute respiratory failure | 1.247 (0.792–1.963) | 0.339 | |||
| Sepsis/septic shock | 0.995 (0.538–1.840) | 0.986 | |||
| Postoperative care | 0.454 (0.129–1.600) | 0.219 | |||
| Heart failure/ACS | 1.068 (0.362–3.146) | 0.906 | |||
| Neurologic disease | 0.349 (0.077–1.572) | 0.170 | |||
| Acute renal failure | 1.416 (0.333–6.028) | 0.638 | |||
| Acute liver failure | 3.581 (0.590–21.726) | 0.165 | |||
| Aspiration (macro) | - | - | |||
| Location of diagnosis | |||||
| Medical ICU | 1.218 (0.781–1.898) | 0.385 | |||
| General ward | 0.955 (0.596–1.529) | 0.848 | |||
| Surgical ICU | 0.374 (0.108–1.295) | 0.121 | |||
| Cardiac/Thoracic ICU | 0.975 (0.335–2.834) | 0.963 | |||
| Neuro/Neurosurgical ICU | 0.851 (0.209–3.462) | 0.821 | |||
| Risk factor for MDR organism | |||||
| Prior IV antibiotics use within 90 days | 1.165 (0.711–1.908) | 0.544 | |||
| Time of diagnosis | |||||
| Five or more days of hospitalization prior to the diagnosis of HAP/VAP | 3.945 (1.637–9.506) | 0.002 | 3.425 (1.379–8.623) | 0.008 | |
| Risk factors and preventive management for VAP | |||||
| Enteral feeding | 0.699 (0.436–1.119) | 0.136 | |||
| Semi-recumbent position (> 30 degrees) | 0.618 (0.398–0.961) | 0.033 | 0.589 (0.363–0.957) | 0.033 | |
| APACHE II at day 1 | 1.057 (1.024–1.092) | 0.001 | 1.066 (1.029–1.105) | < 0.001 | |
| Identification of pathogens | 1.286 (0.814–2.033) | 0.281 | |||
| Presence of bacteremia | 2.214 (1.041–4.708) | 0.039 | |||
| Treatment response | |||||
| Day 3 improvement | 0.553 (0.337–0.905) | 0.018 | |||
| Day 7 failure | 3.119 (1.981–4.911) | < 0.001 | 2.624 (1.635–4.212) | < 0.001 | |
HAP = hospital-acquired pneumonia, VAP = ventilator-associated pneumonia, OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, DM = diabetes mellitus, CHF = congestive heart failure, CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index, ICU = intensive care unit, ACS = acute coronary syndrome, MDR = multidrug-resistant, APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II.