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. 2021 Oct 12;12:711291. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711291

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Copyright © 2021 Karvonen, Nykky, Marjomäki and Gilbert.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Upon infection, human cell lines demonstrated Borrelia burgdorferi forms differently. Helium ion microscopy (Zeiss Orion Nanofab) images of Borrelia spirochetes (A) and round bodies (B), as well as, uninfected chondrosarcoma (SW1353) (C) and dermal fibroblast (BJ) (D) cells. (E,F) Borrelia spirochetes and coiled forms invaded SW1353 and BJ cells, respectively, at 30 min post-infection. (G) A total of 20 infected human cells were counted and the different B. burgdorferi forms were analyzed. Graph presents spirochete and coiled forms attached to SW1353 and BJ cells in percentages. White arrows indicating Borrelia, while the black arrow points to cellular interactions with the bacterium. Scale bars (A–C): 1 μm, (D–F): 2 μm. Representative images from two separate experiments.