Table 1. Characteristics of Participants by Number of ACEs.
| Characteristicsa | ACEs, No. (N = 11 972) | P value | P value for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 (n = 2292) | 1 (n = 3220) | 2 (n = 2605) | 3 (n = 1703) | ≥4 (n = 2152) | |||
| Age, y | 58.74 (9.12) | 59.53 (9.45) | 59.86 (9.65) | 60.58 (9.79) | 60.92 (9.74) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 967 (42.2) | 1514 (47.0) | 1307 (50.2) | 912 (53.6) | 1090 (50.7) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Female | 1325 (57.8) | 1706 (53.0) | 1297 (49.8) | 791 (46.4) | 1062 (49.3) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Han ethnicity | 2094 (91.6) | 2949 (91.9) | 2393 (92.1) | 1578 (92.8) | 1987 (92.5) | .64 | .15 |
| Ethnic minority populations | 191 (8.4) | 260 (8.1) | 205 (7.9) | 122 (7.2) | 161 (7.5) | ||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 2064 (90.1) | 2835 (88.1) | 2278 (87.6) | 1497 (87.9) | 1831 (85.1) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Unmarried | 227 (9.9) | 383 (11.9) | 323 (12.4) | 206 (12.1) | 320 (14.9) | ||
| Educational level completed | |||||||
| Primary school or below | 1199 (57.5) | 1841 (62.0) | 1534 (64.0) | 1075 (68.0) | 1484 (74.6) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Middle school or above | 887 (42.5) | 1129 (38.0) | 864 (36.0) | 505 (32.0) | 506 (25.4) | ||
| Area of residence | |||||||
| Rural | 1382 (60.3) | 1926 (59.8) | 1609 (61.8) | 1076 (63.2) | 1439 (66.9) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Urban | 910 (39.7) | 1294 (40.2) | 996 (38.2) | 627 (36.8) | 713 (33.1) | ||
| Childhood economic hardship | |||||||
| Yes | 538 (23.5) | 956 (29.8) | 972 (37.3) | 790 (46.4) | 1276 (59.5) | <.001 | <.001 |
| No | 1751 (76.5) | 2257 (70.2) | 1632 (62.7) | 913 (53.6) | 870 (40.5) | ||
| Annual per capita household expenditure level | |||||||
| Tertile 1 | 585 (33.9) | 820 (33.7) | 667 (34.2) | 455 (36.1) | 565 (36.1) | .64 | .05 |
| Tertile 2 | 585 (33.9) | 841 (34.7) | 657 (33.6) | 414 (32.9) | 538 (34.4) | ||
| Tertile 3 | 554 (32.2) | 769 (31.6) | 628 (32.2) | 391 (31.0) | 462 (29.5) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never smoker | 1410 (62.8) | 1834 (58.6) | 1376 (54.4) | 875 (53.0) | 1132 (54.2) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Former smoker | 288 (12.8) | 394 (12.6) | 373 (14.8) | 245 (14.8) | 289 (13.8) | ||
| Current smoker | 547 (24.4) | 901 (28.8) | 779 (30.8) | 530 (32.1) | 667 (31.9) | ||
| Drinking status | |||||||
| Never drinker | 1368 (59.8) | 1779 (55.4) | 1305 (50.3) | 846 (49.7) | 1023 (47.6) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Former drinker | 218 (9.5) | 338 (10.5) | 290 (11.2) | 191 (11.2) | 304 (14.1) | ||
| Current drinker | 703 (30.7) | 1097 (34.1) | 1002 (38.6) | 664 (39.0) | 822 (38.3) | ||
| BMI | 24.19 (3.84) | 24.06 (3.71) | 24.07 (3.74) | 23.89 (3.84) | 23.62 (3.83) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Obesityb | |||||||
| Yes | 302 (15.5) | 387 (14.1) | 304 (13.7) | 171 (11.8) | 226 (12.1) | .006 | <.001 |
| No | 1652 (84.5) | 2360 (85.9) | 1923 (86.3) | 1284 (88.2) | 1647 (87.9) | ||
| Chronic disease | |||||||
| Hypertension | 875 (38.5) | 1276 (39.8) | 1074 (41.5) | 671 (39.8) | 820 (38.4) | .16 | .96 |
| Dyslipidemia | 292 (15.9) | 410 (15.9) | 357 (17.2) | 225 (16.7) | 278 (16.7) | .77 | .37 |
| Diabetes | 355 (16.1) | 479 (15.6) | 419 (16.7) | 264 (16.1) | 356 (17.3) | .51 | .19 |
| Heart disease | 313 (16.4) | 423 (15.8) | 373 (17.2) | 267 (18.8) | 308 (17.7) | .14 | .047 |
| Stroke | 47 (2.4) | 56 (2.1) | 70 (3.2) | 59 (4.1) | 70 (3.9) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 177 (9.3) | 258 (9.6) | 278 (12.7) | 231 (16.4) | 335 (19.3) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Asthma | 71 (3.7) | 102 (3.8) | 113 (5.1) | 95 (6.7) | 138 (7.8) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Liver disease | 92 (4.8) | 122 (4.5) | 139 (6.4) | 84 (5.9) | 129 (7.4) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Cancer | 27 (1.4) | 39 (1.4) | 38 (1.7) | 16 (1.1) | 31 (1.7) | .54 | .59 |
| Digestive disease | 372 (19.6) | 654 (24.5) | 607 (28.0) | 447 (32.0) | 667 (38.3) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Kidney disease | 122 (6.4) | 215 (8.0) | 193 (8.9) | 142 (10.0) | 217 (12.5) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Arthritis | 587 (31.1) | 889 (33.6) | 866 (40.5) | 626 (44.7) | 869 (5.6) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Psychiatric disease | 27 (1.4) | 31 (1.1) | 36 (1.6) | 26 (1.8) | 56 (3.2) | <.001 | <.001 |
| Memory-related disease | 34 (1.8) | 54 (2.0) | 59 (2.7) | 37 (2.6) | 64 (3.6) | .002 | <.001 |
| Multimorbidity | 915 (50.8) | 1352 (53.2) | 1272 (61.0) | 859 (64.4) | 1163 (69.3) | <.001 | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ACE, adverse childhood experience; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).
a
Continuous data are reported as the mean (SD), and categorical data are reported as the number and percentage of participants.
b
Defined as a BMI of 28 or greater.