Table 3.
Results from multivariable logistic regression analysis
| Doctor-diagnosed depression | PHQ-9-screened depression | Undiagnosed depression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Female | 2.77*** | (2.52–3.05) | 2.43*** | (2.22–2.67) | 2.12*** | (1.90–2.37) |
| Age category | ||||||
| 15–24 | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| 25–34 | 1.21 | (0.99–1.47) | 0.78** | (0.67–0.92) | 0.73*** | (0.61–0.87) |
| 35–44 | 1.58*** | (1.30–1.92) | 0.70*** | (0.60–0.82) | 0.61*** | (0.52–0.72) |
| 45–54 | 1.47*** | (1.20–1.79) | 0.61*** | (0.52–0.72) | 0.52*** | (0.44–0.63) |
| 55–64 | 1.17 | (0.95–1.43) | 0.43*** | (0.36–0.51) | 0.39*** | (0.32–0.48) |
| 65–74 | 0.82 | (0.65–1.02) | 0.31*** | (0.25–0.38) | 0.35*** | (0.28–0.43) |
| 75+ | 0.63*** | (0.49–0.81) | 0.34*** | (0.27–0.42) | 0.44*** | (0.35–0.56) |
| Education level | ||||||
| Without education | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Incomplete elementary or equivalent | 1.34*** | (1.13–1.60) | 0.87* | (0.75–1.00) | 0.80** | (0.69–0.94) |
| Complete elementary or equivalent | 1.23 | (0.99–1.54) | 0.85 | (0.70–1.03) | 0.80* | (0.65–0.99) |
| Incomplete high school or equivalent | 1.37* | (1.06–1.78) | 0.88 | (0.70–1.10) | 0.71** | (0.56–0.90) |
| Complete high school or equivalent | 1.20 | (0.99–1.45) | 0.74*** | (0.63–0.87) | 0.68*** | (0.57–0.81) |
| Incomplete 3° or equivalent | 1.78*** | (1.32–2.40) | 1.18 | (0.91–1.53) | 0.94 | (0.71–1.26) |
| Graduated from 3° | 1.37** | (1.11–1.71) | 0.87 | (0.70–1.07) | 0.73* | (0.56–0.96) |
| Ethnicity/race | ||||||
| White | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Black | 0.66*** | (0.57–0.75) | 1.00 | (0.88–1.14) | 1.15 | (0.99–1.34) |
| Mixed Black | 0.72*** | (0.66–0.79) | 0.94 | (0.86–1.03) | 1.03 | (0.92–1.15) |
| Other | 0.63** | (0.45–0.88) | 0.87 | (0.55–1.37) | 1.10 | (0.64–1.91) |
| Dwelling | ||||||
| Urban non-slum | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Urban slum | 0.87* | (0.77–0.97) | 0.87* | (0.78–0.97) | 0.92 | (0.82–1.03) |
| Rural | 0.81*** | (0.73–0.91) | 0.58*** | (0.51–0.65) | 0.57*** | (0.50–0.65) |
| Number of comorbidities | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| 1 | 2.08*** | (1.87–2.32) | 2.04*** | (1.83–2.27) | 1.76*** | (1.55–1.99) |
| 2 | 3.35*** | (2.95–3.82) | 3.41*** | (3.02–3.85) | 2.68*** | (2.31–3.10) |
| 3+ | 6.62*** | (5.68–7.71) | 7.14*** | (6.28–8.13) | 3.66*** | (3.11–4.30) |
| Registered with the FHS | ||||||
| Registered | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Not registered | 0.89* | (0.80–0.99) | 1.00 | (0.90–1.12) | 1.05 | (0.93–1.19) |
| Unknown | 1.00 | (0.87–1.15) | 0.94 | (0.82–1.07) | 0.94 | (0.80–1.10) |
| Physically active in last 3 months | ||||||
| Yes | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| No | 1.00 | (0.91–1.11) | 1.36*** | (1.25–1.49) | 1.40*** | (1.26–1.56) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Smoker | 1.44*** | (1.28–1.62) | 1.66*** | (1.48–1.86) | 1.50*** | (1.30–1.72) |
| Drinks alcohol | ||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 0.82*** | (0.75–0.90) | 0.93 | (0.84–1.02) | 1.03 | (0.92–1.15) |
| Enrolled in private health plan | ||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 1.14* | (1.02–1.27) | 0.87* | (0.77–0.99) | 0.84* | (0.72–0.98) |
| Household income | ||||||
| <0.25× MW | 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – |
| 0.25–0.5× MW | 1.00 | (0.84–1.20) | 0.97 | (0.83–1.12) | 0.93 | (0.78–1.10) |
| 0.5–1.0× MW | 1.03 | (0.88–1.20) | 0.87 | (0.76–1.00) | 0.84* | (0.71–0.98) |
| 1–2× MW | 1.08 | (0.92–1.27) | 0.82* | (0.70–0.96) | 0.78* | (0.65–0.94) |
| 2–3× MW | 1.23 | (0.98–1.56) | 0.77* | (0.61–0.97) | 0.63*** | (0.50–0.80) |
| 3–5× MW | 1.23 | (0.99–1.54) | 0.68** | (0.53–0.88) | 0.62*** | (0.47–0.82) |
| 5+× MW | 1.41** | (1.09–1.82) | 0.73* | (0.56–0.96) | 0.60** | (0.43–0.84) |
AOR, adjusted odds ratio (fully adjusted model); 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals; FHS, family health strategy; MW, minimum wage.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.