Table 1.
Study parameters for surface neurofeedback
|
Ref.
|
Groups
|
Age/sex
|
Electrode placement
|
Protocol
|
Sessions
|
Control/sham condition
|
| Schabus et al[45] | 16 primary insomnia; 9 insomnia misperception; 26 sleep control; 12 NF control (criteria: PSG, PSQI, DSM-IV) | Insomnia group: 38.59 ± 11.18-year-old (range: 27- to 50-year-old) / 19 females and 6 males; Sleep control: 35.52 ± 10.63 (range: 24- to 47-year-old) / 19 females and 7 males; NF control: 26.67 ± 4.46 (range: 22- to 32-year-old) / 6 females and 6 males | C3 | Enhance: SMR (12-15 Hz) | 12 sessions NF 12 Sham (mixed); (2-4 sessions/wk); 8 5 min blocks/session | Enhance random frequencies (other than SMR rhythm) during present sessions (½ first; ½ second) |
| Schabus et al[41] | 24 primary insomnia (criteria: PSQI, SIS-D) | 34.83 ± 10.6 (range: 24- to 46-year-old) / 17 females and 7 males | C3 | Enhance: SMR (12-15 Hz) | N/A | Enhance random frequencies (other than SMR rhythm) during preset sessions |
| Cortoos et al[46] | 9 tele-NF; 8 tele-biofeedback; 12 controls | Tele-NF: 41.5-year-old / 3 females and 6 males; Tele-biofeedback: 43.8-year-old / 3 females and 5 males; Controls: 44.4-year-old/5 females and 7 males | Cz | Enhance: SMR (12-15 Hz); Inhibit: Theta (4-8 Hz) and high beta (20-30 Hz); Biofeedback: 50 Hz | 18 sessions of 1 h (2-3 sessions/wk) | Control group |
| Arns et al[49] | 51 ADHD (SMR: 27, TBR: 10, SMR + TBR: 14); 28 controls | ADHD: (range: 6- to 53-year-old) / 14 females and 37 males; Controls: (range: 21- to 64-year-old) / 15 females and 13 males | SMR: C3;Cz or C4; TBR: Fz; FCz or Cz | Enhance: SMR (12-15 Hz); TBR (20-25 Hz and 15-20 Hz) | 29-31 sessions (2-3 sessions/wk); 8 5 min blocks/session | Control group |
| Sungwon[51] | 14 participants; NF; CBT-I (criteria: ISI) | N/A | N/A | Inhibit: Beta | N/A | CBT-I |
| Shin[50] | 4 mild insomnia (Registered at a sleep clinic) | 34.8 ± 5.3-year-old/1 female and 3 males | N/A | Enhance: Theta and sigma; Inhibit: Beta | N/A | None |
ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CBT-I: Cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth edition; NF: Neurofeedback; PSG: Polysomnography; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SIS-D: Structured clinical interview for sleep disorders; SMR: Sensorimotor rhythm; TBR: Theta/Beta ratio.