No later stage of apoptosis is observed in RF/6A and Vero cells after Rp infection. (A) RF/6A and Vero cells were infected with host cell-free pRAM18dSFA-transformed Rp (72, 120, and 168 h) and observed under a fluorescence microscope for infection and replication. Bar, 100 μm. (B) Rp-infected AAE2, RF/6A, and Vero cells were fixed and labeled with TUNEL (green). Bar, 20 μm. Blue DAPI staining corresponds to the nuclei. (C) Percent apoptotic cells (number of TUNEL-positive cells/number of DAPI-positive cells) in different fields. In panel C, data are means and SD, and different letters above the columns indicate significant differences (ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni test).