Figure 5.

Synthesis of carbon-based nanostructured electronics for biological modulation. (a) Laser-ablation of PDMS turns the surface of PDMS into a SiC/porous graphite structure. (b) Photographs showing sidewall and surface electrode interfacing with an isolated rat heart for cardiac pacing. (c) H₂O₂ stimulation pathway (left) and fluorescent response of stimulated smooth muscle cells. (right). (d) A schematic of layer-by-layer assembly in the synthesis of hierarchical carbon membranes. (e) SEM of hierarchical carbon (left) and cross-sectional SEM of the biointerface formed between the material and cardiomyocytes. (f) A schematic of the fabrication approach for device patterning. (g) Stimulation of laminar retinal tissues. (h) Heart pacing setup (top) and physiology measurement during electrical pacing (bottom). (a)–(c) are reproduced from ref (41). Copyright 2020 AAAS. (d)–(h) are adapted from ref (9). Copyright 2021 Springer Nature.